Trauma to young permanent teeth is common and subsequently such incidents leads to pulpal inflammation or necrosis. If trauma occurs before the completion of root formation, the process of root end closure is halted. Retreatment of such teeth is challenging as the apical diameter is often larger than the coronal diameter. Also, open apex and lack of apical stop makes obturation of the canal dif...

Mucosal fenestration is a clinical condition where tooth root apices are visible in the oral cavity due to loss of overlying alveolar bone and mucosa. Mucosal fenestration mostly affect maxillary incisors. The present case series reports two cases where patient reported with complaint of unesthetic appearance because of exposed roots of maxillary anterior teeth which on radiographic examination...

* Adapted with permission from: McIntyre J, Lee J, Trope M, Vann WJ, Permanent tooth replantation following avulsion: Using a decision tree to achieve the best outcome. Pediatr Dent 2009;31(2):137-44. Management of an Avulsed Permanent Incisor with an Open Apex (Apex ≥1 mm)* Assess medical history and rule out any neurologic and nondental injuries. Diagnostic tests: • Rule out alveolar fracture...