Item response theory is a large sample procedure to estimate item parameters based on individual response strings. However, what happens when the data available to estimate item parameters is small? This situation is common when new assessment items are tried out for inclusion in future operational assessments, commonly called field testing. In field tests, many items are spread out over a fixe...

Software maintenance is a task that every development group has to face when the software is delivered to the customers’ site, installed and is operational. The time spent and effort required for keeping software operational consumes about 40-70% of cost of entire life cycle. This study proposes a four parameter integrated measure of software maintainability using a fuzzy model. The study also ...

Operational risk is an important quantitative topic as a result of the Basel II regulatory requirements. Operational risk models need to incorporate internal and external loss data observations in combination with expert opinion surveyed from business specialists. Following the Loss Distributional Approach, this article considers three aspects of the Bayesian approach to the modeling of operati...

·2· Introduction Operational analysts is a new method of analyzing queueing phenomena, especially the phenomena encountered by analysts of computer system performance. Operational analysis deals with data collected from a system rather than the system itself.. The data is a "behavior sequence"-an event trace of system states during an observa-lion period. Operational variables denote quantities...

We investigate the entanglement of bipartite systems from an operational point of view. Main emphasis is put on bipartite pure states in the single copy regime. First, we present an operational characterization of bipartite pure state entanglement, viewing the state as a multipartite state. Then, we investigate the properties and relations of two classes of operational bipartite and multipartit...

Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) is a key input parameter for almost all terrestrial ecosystem models, but the spatial resolution of current PAR products is too coarse to satisfy regional application requirements. In this paper, we present an operational system for PAR retrieval from MODIS data that is based on an idea proposed by [Liang, S., Zheng, T., Liu, R., Fang, H., Tsay, S. -C.,...

review the literature of conservatism in financial reporting indicates the importance of conservatism in accounting profession. researchers have always tried to determine the degree and ways of conservatism in financial reporting and accounting, although this is not done easily, because there is not a direct measure of conservatism. however, conservatism has been one of the key principles in ac...