The noradrenalin and serotonin re-uptake inhibitor venlafaxine has an analgesic eŠect that is independent of its antidepressant activity; however, the mechanism of this eŠect remains to be elucidated. This study was performed to investigate the possible roles of the opioidergic system and nitric oxide (NO) pathway in the analgesic eŠect of venlafaxine. Eighty Wistar rats of both sexes were allo...

objective: nano components are today’s new wonder material. however, the safety or toxicity of these components in humans is not yet clear. in a previous study we indicated that nano zno (nzno) has a stronger anxiolytic effect compared to the conventional zno (czno). the present study was designed to evaluate the intraperitoneal administration of an opioidergic receptor agonist and antagonist o...

There are several lines of evidence that opioidergic and nitrergic systems could modulate the seizure threshold. We previously have shown that sildenafil had proconvulsant effects in a model of clonic seizure induced by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) or bicuculline. In the present study, we examined whether the opioid system participates in the action of sildenafil on the PTZ-induced clonic seizures ...

OBJECTIVE Nano components are today's new wonder material. However, the safety or toxicity of these components in humans is not yet clear. In a previous study we indicated that nano ZnO (nZnO) has a stronger anxiolytic effect compared to the conventional ZnO (cZnO). The present study was designed to evaluate the intraperitoneal administration of an opioidergic receptor agonist and antagonist of...

Biochemical and behavioral evidence indicate that the dopaminergic mesolimbic system plays a key role in the mechanisms of reinforcement and reward elicited by alcohol (ethanol) and other drugs of abuse. In addition, the dopaminergic activity of the nigrostriatal pathway has been proposed to determine brain sensitivity to ethanol, a process which could be associated to drug addiction. Besides d...

The PNS was anticipated to be involved in the modulation of immune responses. To study aspects of this neuronal-immune communication, a recently developed tissue slice method was used to study the effects of adrenergic and opioidergic transmitters on interleukin 6 (IL-6) secretion in the spleen. The alpha 2-adrenergic agonist p-aminoclonidine (10(-7) M) inhibited IL-6 secretion (control vs. p-a...

The aim of the present study is to investigate the possible protective effect of dry olive leaf extract (OLE) against acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in rats, as well as the probable modulatory effect of nitrergic and opioidergic systems on this protective impact. Olive leaf extract was administered (250, 500 and 750 mg/kg) orally for two successive days, starting from the colitis induct...