The present study intended to propose a causal model of factors that would predict Oral Communication Apprehension (OCA) of Iranian learners of English as a foreign language. To conduct the study, 135 male and female University students majoring in English were selected. Five variables including: learners’self-esteem and introversion/extroversion(as independent variables), their gender and prof...

A positive communication about an intervention can lead to lower anxiety and better pain management through the increase of patient trust. However, important issue is understand how interacts with modalities management. The present study aimed determine whether a oral restricted effect has impact on analgesic touch verbal expression during experimental induced pain. We compared rating (visual a...

objective: in comparison to clinical oral health indices, perceived oral health measures are less applied in large-scale epidemiological oral health studies in iran. the aim of this study was to measure perceived oral health among adults in tehran, iran. methods: in this cross-sectional study, perceived oral health was measured in 1100 adults in tehran by two measures: 1- non-replaced extracted...

The objectives of this study are twofold: (1) to promote necessary English oral skills; and (2) to provide prospective English teachers with a necessary roadmap towards achieving competency in English oral communication skills. Prospective English teachers at 11 Japanese universities participated, and we tested our text materials in terms of the degree of motivation, and of the progress on thei...