Cholera causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. For travelers, the risk of developing cholera per month of stay in a developing country is approximately 0.001%-0.01%, and cholera may present as traveler's diarrhea. In the United States, only a poorly tolerated, marginally effective, parenterally administered, phenol-inactivated vaccine is available. Outside the United States, 2 ad...

A phase III randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial was conducted in the urban neighborhoods of Delhi to assess whether Oral Rotavirus Vaccine ROTAVAC® interferes with the immune response to childhood vaccines when coadministered. Infants aged 6 weeks were randomized to receive three doses of either ROTAVAC® or placebo along with childhood vaccines: Oral Polio Vaccine and vaccines agai...

Despite limitations of glass packaging for vaccines, the industry has been slow to implement alternative formats. Polymer containers may address many of these limitations, such as breakage and delamination. However, the ability of polymer containers to achieve cost of goods sold (COGS) and total cost of delivery (TCOD) competitive with that of glass containers is unclear, especially for cost-se...

OBJECTIVE To analyze the costs of vaccination regimens for introducing inactivated polio vaccine in routine immunization in Brazil. METHODS A cost analysis was conducted for vaccines in five vaccination regimens, including inactivated polio vaccine, compared with the oral polio vaccine-only regimen. The costs of the vaccines were estimated for routine use and for the "National Immunization Days...

Stability studies play a critical role in assuring product quality at all points in the vaccine life cycle. These studies used to determine vaccine expiry date and vaccine efficacy. Accelerated stability and long term stability study performed for three batches of trivalent oral poliomyelitis vaccine (OPV) and three batches of monovalent OPV (type1) manufactured by Razi institute. After samplin...

background: different methods have been used for bcg vaccination. alginate microspheres are useful in delivery of vaccines to the gastrointestinal tract by oral route. objective: to compare the immune response following oral microencapsulated and subcutaneous (sc) route administration of bcg vaccine in balb/c mice. methods: alginate microspheres were produced by an internal emulsification metho...

As an alternative immunization procedure against lactococcosis in rainbow trout, encapsulated antigens immobilized in sodium alginate (SA) and poly lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) polymers were administrated as a feed additive. Positive controls were intraperitoneally (IP) administered with aqueous-based bacterin (vaccine) while negative controls were not vaccinated. Positive control groups were im...

Since the work of Besredka has popularised the methods of oral vaccination, different methods have been sought of effecting by means of oral administration, vaccination against cholera, typhoid, paratyphoid and bacillary dysentery. Numerous controlled attempts* in the course of important epidemics have led us to affirm the great preventative value of oral vaccines and especially bilivaccines pr...