For the last 50 years the dominant stance in experimental biology has been reductionism in general, and genetic reductionism in particular. Philosophers were the first to realize that the belief that theMendelian genes were reduced to DNAmolecules was questionable. Soon, experimental data confirmed these misgivings. The optimism of molecular biologists, fueled by early success in tackling relat...

This paper comments upon some of the open problems in artificial life (cf. Bedeau et al 2000) from the perspective of a philosophy of biology tradition called qualitative organicism, and more specifically the emerging field of biosemiotics, the study of life processes as sign processes. Semiotics, in the sense of the pragmaticist philosopher and scientist Charles S. Peirce, is the general study...

The purpose of the study is to substantiate productivity socio-anthropological approach legal culture. In cultures, methodology science involves going beyond both special sciences and, in general, social sciences. This actualizes assessment law and justification its evolutionist functionalist directions for conceptualization phenomena. Their identifying characteristics culture based on a) recog...

The theoretical base of clinical sociology is analyzed through Pepper's root metaphor method. Practice is found to be framed by the analogy between society and a complex ecosystem. The resulting world hypothesis is identified as Ecologism, within which the four relatively adequate world hypotheses identified by Pepper (Formism, Mechanism, Contextualism and Organicism) take their place as comple...

without an ascertainable and localizable lesion. The historically familiar image of young Sigmund Freud's mentor, Theodor Meynert, contemptuously dismissing such cases as "mere hysteria" at the Vienna Medical School captures this belief. Yet, from his research, Hodgkiss finds that in point of fact a rich, varied, and clinically astute body of observation and theorization about this phenomenon r...

In his seminal monograph on teleology and mechanics in nineteenth German biology Timothy Lenoir considers his study of the “Kantian” teleomechanistic tradition as an answer to those who wrongly believe that early nineteenth-century German biology was dominated by Schelling’s Naturphilosophie. My goal is to argue that this is an arbitrary assumption based on a historiographical bias and that Sch...

T his is a useful, clearly written study of the philosophical origins of Menger's theorizing in economics . As the author points out in his conclusion: philosophy has been an accompanying presence at every stage in the development of Austrian economics. Moreover, "Action, that leitmotif of praxeology, has in the Austrian tradition received a distinctly Aristotelian analysis. Austrian economics ...

Professor of the St Petersburg State University Yu. N. Solonin to study global and Russian conservatism, analyzes his works on problems philosophy axiology politics political ideology. The author shows that was theoretically grounded Center for comprehensive conservatism at Philosophy Department University. It is pointed out many well-known specialists from other regions Russia took an active p...

I. Introduction The new organicism II. The organism frees itself from the 'laws' of physics III. The organism is free from mechanical determinism The polychromatic organism The organism is a free sentient being and hence able to decide its own fat IV. The organism frees itself from mechanistic control as an interconnected, intercommunicating whole Long-range energy continua in cells and tissues...