Background and Aims: CBLVd has been reported from northern of Iran previously. The aim of this study was evaluating new viroid variant from asymptomatic citrus trees of Fars province and comparing with its other isolates. Materials and Methods: In this study a number of citrus trees without symptoms were sampled and subjected to RNA extraction followed by RT-PCR, cloning and sequencing of ...

Water shortage is one of the most important environmental stresses in Mediterranean regions. Poor seedling quality may account for the failure of oak regeneration. To determine the best seed origin of Quercus brantii, we investigated on seedlings collected from 20 mother trees in the Zagros Mountain forests 700 to 2200 m altitudes above sea level. Seedlings from different altitudes were irrig...

The origin of avian flight is a classic macroevolutionary transition with research spanning over a century. Two competing models explaining this locomotory transition have been discussed for decades: ground up versus trees down. Although it is impossible to directly test either of these theories, it is possible to test one of the requirements for the trees-down model, that of an arboreal paravi...

introduction systemic lupus erythematous (sle) is among rheumatic diseases of unknown etiology. fever of unknown origin (fuo) has been rarely reported to be the presenting sign of sle. presence of four or more sle criteria is diagnostic for the disease. however, presentations may occur serially which make it much more difficult to diagnose an already questioned fuo. case presentation our case o...

background: although infectious diseases are the most common sources for the fever of unknown origin (fuo), but the spectrum of infectious diseases is changing overtime. the purpose of the study was to define the clinical spectrum and changing the pattern of fuo.methods: this existing data based study was undertaken from 2007 to 2011. one hundred-six patients fulfilling the modified criteria fo...

photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide to formaldehyde was investigated on four semiconductor photocatalysts (fes, fes/fes2, nio and tio2). the reaction was carried out in continues flow of co2 gas bubbled into the reactor. semiconductor photocatalysts were characterized by x-ray diffraction (xrd) and diffuse reflectance spectroscopic (drs) methods. sulfide ion was used as hole scavenger. t...

Balsam poplar seeds are short-lived and require moist seedbeds soon after they are released to germinate. In addition to sexual reproduction, balsam poplar stands can regenerate clonally by root suckering. The origin of stands will in turn affect their genetic structure and root system architecture, which are poorly understood for upland forest stands. Three stands were hydraulically excavated ...

Abstract Trees in agroforestry systems provide multiple ecological and economic functions. Smallholder vanilla agroforests include shade trees common across systems, small-statured support carrying the vine. Support have received little scientific attention so far. The objectives of our study were to assess diversity, composition geographic origin north-eastern Madagascar. region is a global bi...

the establishment and survival of seedlings is one of the main objectives of forest management which ensures continues production. the aim of this article is the investigation of dead trees effect on beech and hornbeam seedlings in masal's forests. for this reason, 30 dead trees were selected, and the control trees were selected in four aspects around the dead trees. they were the same as ...