Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are single-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the Influenza virus A genus of the Orthomyxoviridae family. The segmented genome encodes ten or 11 proteins, depending on the strain. These proteins are the prominent outer surface glycoproteins HA and neuraminidase (NA), the matrix (M2) ion channels, the matrix (M1) protein, which is found lining the inner side of the ...

The influenza A virus (IAV), a member of the Orthomyxoviridae family, is a highly transmissible respiratory pathogen and represents a continued threat to global health with considerable economic and social impact. IAV is a zoonotic virus that comprises a plethora of strains with different pathogenic profiles. The different outcomes of viral pathogenesis are dependent on the engagement between t...

Enveloped viruses are a large population of known viruses that are human and animal pathogens. Therefore, studies to determine the overall architecture and fine ultrastructure of enveloped viruses are essential. All enveloped viruses are covered by a lipid-coat derived from the host cell’s plasma membrane. Due to the processes associated with virus assembly and budding many of them exhibit vary...

Viral ion channels are short auxiliary membrane proteins with a length of ca. 100 amino acids. They are found in enveloped viruses from influenza A, influenza B and influenza C (Orthomyxoviridae), and the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1, Retroviridae). The channels are called M2 (influenza A), NB (influenza B), CM2 (influenza C) and Vpu (HIV-1). Recently, in Paramecium bursaria chlor...

Enveloped viruses such as HIV-1, influenza virus, and Ebola virus express a surface glycoprotein that mediates both cell attachment and fusion of viral and cellular membranes. The membrane fusion process leads to the release of viral proteins and the RNA genome into the host cell, initiating an infectious cycle. This review focuses on the HIV-1 gp41 membrane fusion protein and discusses the str...

Influenza A virus belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family and, date, is one of most important pathogens causing acute respiratory infections, such as recent pandemic 2009. Hemagglutinin (HA) surface proteins that allow it interact with cellular molecules. Due fact abundant protein in capsule, best target detection H1N1 through biosensing devices. Our aim develop an electrochemical biosensor dete...

Arboviral infections are an important cause of emerging infections due to the movements of humans, animals, and hematophagous arthropods. Quaranfil virus (QRFV) is an unclassified arbovirus originally isolated from children with mild febrile illness in Quaranfil, Egypt, in 1953. It has subsequently been isolated in multiple geographic areas from ticks and birds. We used high-throughput sequenci...

Influenza (the flu) is an acute infectious disease caused by viruses of the Orthomyxoviridae family, causing a wide variety symptoms in humans, ranging from mildly disturbing daily activities to life-threatening pneumonia, depending on state their immune system. The annual increase incidence this called "the flu season", which periodic epidemic that affects people all around world. Despite indi...