PURPOSE This article examines and illustrates the use and interpretation of the kappa statistic in musculoskeletal research. SUMMARY OF KEY POINTS The reliability of clinicians' ratings is an important consideration in areas such as diagnosis and the interpretation of examination findings. Often, these ratings lie on a nominal or an ordinal scale. For such data, the kappa coefficient is an ap...

Power calculations in a small sample comparative study, with a continuous outcome measure, are typically undertaken using the asymptotic distribution of the test statistic. When the sample size is small, this asymptotic result can be a poor approximation. An alternative approach, using a rank based test statistic, is an exact power calculation. When the number of groups is greater than two, the...

objective(s):iron oxide nanoparticles have found prevalent applications in various fields including drug delivery, cell separation and as contrast agents. super paramagnetic iron oxide (spio) nanoparticles allow researchers and clinicians to enhance the tissue contrast of an area of interest by increasing the relaxation rate of water. in this study, we evaluate the dependency of hydrodynamic si...

In this research, the effect of bubble surface area flux, Sb, and particle size on flotation rate constant, k, of pyrite (FeS2) particles was studied using bubble-particle interactions. The bubble-particle collision, attachment and detachment efficiencies were calculated under different flow regimes. The k increased with increase in the collision efficiency and decreas...

In this research nanoparticles of Ni0.55Zn0.35Cu0.1Fe2O4 were synthesized by sol–gel auto-combustion method. Changes in phase constituents, microstructure and magnetic properties as a result of Zn and Cu additions were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), and Vibration Sample Magnetometer (VSM) techniques. XRD results show that the doped sam...

objective(s): it has been suggested that the efficiency of dry poder inhaler (dpi) is generally low. therefore, the aim of the present research work was to use the solvent treatment of the carrier in dpiformulations to see the possibility of inducing desirable characteristics.   materials and methods: lactose sieve fractions of 63-90 μm were submerged in ethanol or 80% v/v ethanol, methanol or ...

Investigated in the setting of phase II clinical trials is the two-sample binomial problem of testing H0: pe = pc H1: pe > pc, where pe and pc are the unknown target population response rates for the experimental and control groups, respectively, using the usual Z-statistic with pooled variance estimator. The cornerstones that make this paper unique are as follows. First, the emphasis is on det...

introduction: particle size and distribution can influence the properties of materials. this study analyzed and compared the particle size of root mta, calcium hydroxide (ch), and a new endodontic cement called calcium enriched material (cem). materials and methods: the particle size of each material was analyzed three times using 0.05 mg of test material with a particle size analyzer. the part...