Winter 1997 Introduction CoMMware is a communication middleware system. Using a common overall architecture, distinct versions have been built in Bell Labs and in Lucent Technologies’ Business Communications Systems Division. This paper describes the Bell Labs version. CoMMware is a collection of software modules that helps developers write multi-party multimedia applications, such as real-time...

Does party organization still matter? Much of the party literature suggests that politicians, who can use substitutes like mass media to win votes, lack incentives to invest in party organization. Yet it remains an electoral asset, especially at lower levels of government. Evidence from Brazil’s Workers’ Party (PT) indicates that party elites invest in organization when they prioritize lower-le...

What is the impact on voting behavior of strengthening property rights over agricultural land? To answer this question, we use the 14 year nationwide rollout of Mexico’s land certification program (Procede) and match affected communities (ejidos) before and after the change in property rights with voting outcomes in corresponding electoral sections across six federal election cycles. We find th...

Third-party development is increasingly relevant for software platform owners seeking to generate complementary assets in the form of applications. The governance of such development involves two seemingly conflicting goals: the maintenance of platform control and the transfer of design capability to users. A key element in simultaneously accommodating these goals is platform boundary resources...

august of 1941 coincided with the reza shah’s exile and opening of the cultural and political environment in iran. the tudeh party gained more power, albeit it owed its power to the presence of former soviet :union:s troops in iran during world war ii. after withdrawal of soviet troops from iran, members and supporters of the party wondered what would happen to the party and its members and sup...

The Prevent Alcohol and Risk Related Trauma in Youth (P.A.R.T.Y.) program is an injury prevention program set up in 2011 at a Level-1 trauma center in Germany. Its objective is the prevention of road traffic accidents among young road users. Our goal is to enable adolescents to recognize risks and to improve life-changing behavior to reduce the severity of injury and the number of killed young ...

In a multi-party fair coin-flipping protocol, the parties output a common (close to) unbiased bit, even when some corrupted parties try to bias the output. In this work we focus on the case of dishonest majority, ie at least half of the parties can be corrupted. [18] [STOC 1986] has shown that in any m-round coin-flipping protocol the corrupted parties can bias the honest parties’ common output...

Abstract The feminist movement in the United States like other countries has tried to establish equality for women. From the first attempts to gain constitutional right for vote, up to the current radical demands, feminists have struggled to make changes in the U.S. party politics and obtain their rights within the parties. One of the important issues in which women played a key role in party ...