BACKGROUND Although industry sponsors provide approximately 70 percent of the funding for clinical drug trials in the United States, little is known about the legal agreements that exist between industry sponsors and academic investigators. We studied institutional standards regarding contractual provisions that restrict investigators' control over trials. METHODS We used a structured, cross-...

A tidal wave of high drug prices has recently crashed across the U.S. economy. One of the primary culprits has been the increase in agreements by which brand-name drug manufacturers and generic firms have settled patent litigation. The framework for such agreements has been the Hatch-Waxman Act, which Congress enacted in 1984. One of the Act's goals was to provide incentives for generics to cha...

abstract the research and development sector in the pharmaceutical industry is very complex, and companies are constantly engaging in competition with each other for opening of their new products. in fact, the generic producers because principally have no research and development programs, are economically able to offer their products to the market with lower prices. finally, this difference in...

In the last few decades, the effects of cooperative R&D arrangements on innovation and welfare have played an important role in policy making. Both the US and the EU have legislation in place providing for lenient antitrust treatment of such cooperative agreements. The goal of this paper is to analyze the effects of cooperative R&D arrangements in a model with a stochastic R&D process and outpu...

How does a firm’s market power in existing products affect its incentives to innovate? We explore this fundamental question using granular project-level and firm-level data from the pharmaceutical industry, focusing on particular mechanism through which incumbent firms maintain their power: “reverse payment” or “pay-for-delay” agreements delay entry of competitors. first show that when are unfe...

Inter-institutional cooperation is becoming the norm for innovations putting at centre stage of research inquiry the organisational knowledge for establishing, coordinating and innovating through cooperation. Case study evidence depicts the development of systematic processes for partner identification and management of cooperative agreements. Researchers recognising potential partners would pe...

Negotiated Agreements (NAs) are arrangements between firms and regulators in which firms voluntarily agree to reduce their pollution. This article analyzes the institutional features that facilitate or hamper the implementation of NAs. We illustrate the analysis with case studies on the implementation of NAs in the United States, Germany, the Netherlands, and France. We find that NAs are implem...

the research and development sector in the pharmaceutical industry is very costly and complex, and companies are constantly engaging in competition with each other for opening of their new products. in fact, since the generic producers principally have no research and development programs, they are economically able to offer their products to the market with lower prices. finally, this differen...

This study aims to determine the analysis of loan principal repayments and Ujrah / Mu'nah products Rahn Arrum Emas at Sharia Pawnshops in Lhokseumawe City. The type research used is descriptive qualitative research. has been surveyed from 2020, where one agreements as a case will end 2022. data data. sources are primary collection methods through direct interviews with employees, branch manager...