SDIV = [0..5] × Z× Z× Z× Z (where [m..n] = {m,m+1, . . . , n}) R̂DIV (pc, x, y, r, q) (pc ′, x′, y′, r′, q′) = (pc = 0) ⇒ ((pc′, x′, y′, r′, q′) = (1, x, y, x, q)) ∧ (pc = 1) ⇒ ((pc′, x′, y′, r′, q′) = (2, x, y, r, 0)) ∧ (pc = 2) ⇒ ((pc′, x′, y′, r′, q′) = if y≤r then (3, x, y, r, q) else (5, x, y, r, q)) ∧ (pc = 3) ⇒ ((pc′, x′, y′, r′, q′) = (4, x, y, (r−y), q)) ∧ (pc = 4) ⇒ ((pc′, x′, y′, r′, ...

Preconditioning (PC) as a protective strategy against noxious insults can decline cell death and apoptosis. It has been approved that mitochondria play a key role in PC mechanism. The critical role of complex I (CI) in oxidative phosphorylation machinery and intracellular ROS production, particularly in the brain, accentuates its possible role in PC-induced neuroprotection. Here, differentiated...

In order to further understand the role of tumor heterogeneity in metastasis and chemo-resistance, high metastatic PC-3 human prostate cancer variants were selected by injecting parental PC-3 cells, expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the footpad of nude mice, which then metastasize to inguinal lymph nodes. The PC-3-GFP cells which metastasized to the inguinal lymph nodes were collect...