PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article reviews the current literature on pediatric blepharokeratoconjunctivitis (BKC) to enhance the understanding on the incidence, clinical course, and treatment options. RECENT FINDINGS Pediatric BKC is a disorder with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. Therapies target both the infectious and inflammatory components of this disorder. SUMMARY Pediatric BK...

Vitreoretinal lymphoma (VRL) is a rare variant of primary central nervous system (PCNSL), mostly diffuse large B cell lymphoma, which affects the retina and/or vitreous with or without optic nerve involvement. The disease course aggressive. Up to 90% patients develop within one year. diagnosis VRL challenging due nonspecific chronic and relapsing uveitis made by anterior chamber tab aspirate bi...

Obsessive compulsive disorder and bipolar affective disorder in the pediatric population show a bidirectional overlap. Few studies that have addressed this issue show that the prevalence of obsessive compulsive disorder in bipolar affective disorder patients ranges from 0 to 54%, and 1.85 to 36% of the obsessive compulsive disorder patients have a comorbid bipolar affective disorder. We report ...

OBJECTIVE A systematic evaluation of neuropsychological functioning in individuals with pediatric bipolar disorder is necessary to clarify the types of cognitive deficits that are associated with acutely ill and euthymic phases of the disorder and the effects of medication on these deficits. METHOD Unmedicated (N=28) and medicated (N=28) pediatric bipolar patients and healthy individuals (N=2...

BACKGROUND The prognosis for patients with primary vitreoretinal is dismal. The close association of primary vitreoretinal lymphoma with primary central nervous system lymphoma is responsible for high rates of mortality. Traditional treatments consist of systemic chemotherapy and whole-brain radiotherapy. The optimal approach for the treatment of isolated primary vitreoretinal lymphoma is uncle...

Vitreomacular traction syndrome (VTS) is a vitreoretinal interface abnormality. The disorder is caused by incomplete posterior vitreous detachment with persistent traction on the macula that produces symptoms and decreased vision. Most symptomatic eyes with VTS undergo a further decrease in visual acuity. Spontaneous complete vitreomacular separation occurs infrequently in eyes with VTS. Surgic...

Knobloch syndrome is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by the early onset of severe myopia, vitreoretinal degeneration with retinal detachment, macular abnormalities, and midline encephalocele, mainly in the occipital region. Intra and interfamilial variability is present since the encephalocele is not found in all patients, and the degree of myopia is variable. Analysis of the assoc...

Pediatric bipolar disorder is a severe mental illness whose pathophysiology is poorly understood and for which there is an urgent need for improved diagnosis and treatment. MR spectroscopy is a neuroimaging method capable of in vivo measurement of neurochemicals relevant to bipolar disorder neurobiology. MR spectroscopy studies of adult bipolar disorder provide consistent evidence for alteratio...