The pharmaceutical industry spends roughly 15 billion dollars annually on detailing – providing gifts, samples, free pens, trips, honoraria and other inducements – to physicians in order to encourage them to prescribe their drugs. In response, a movement to regulate pharmaceutical marketing emerged. In this article, we use a dataset that captures 189 million psychotropic prescriptions written i...

The research work proposes a hybrid simulation based approach for efficiency enhancement of a supply chain operating in Calabria (Italy) in the field of pharmaceutical business retail. The supply chain is made up by several and different actors: suppliers, distribution centers, and pharmacies so the optimal supply chain organization is a critical factor for improving systems efficiency and perf...

BACKGROUND A wide range of pharmaceutical products are needed for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of HIV/AIDS. However, interrupted supplies and stock-outs are the major challenges in the supply chain of ARV medicines and related commodities. The aim of this study was to assess the supply chain management of HIV/AIDS related commodities in public health facilities of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia....

Abstract Advances in information technology the world make almost all companies depend on technology, one of which is use data centers. The center used as a processing tool to present precise and accurate for company. Speed accuracy making decisions require be presented accurately well. increase number applications communication services at pharmaceutical has resulted higher risk application fr...

The question of drug and the improvement of pharmaceutical care services is moving to the front line agenda of policy makers in the healthcare system. The expansion of drug-related problems and medical errors motivated healthcare organizations to focus on the adoption of information systems and technologies in pursuit of improving communications, signaling, analyzing, and reporting of adverse d...

During the 1990's, the pharmaceutical R&D process has witnessed tremendous technological changes. The emergence of new tools like 'combinatorial chemistry', 'high throughput screening' and the in-creasing use of computer-aided in silico experiments has led to significant improvements of research efficiency. This paper discusses the economic impact of this trend. It is argued that the resulting ...

This study investigates the retention mechanisms of three pharmaceuticals-sulfamethoxazole, carbamazepine, and ibuprofen-by nanofiltration (NF) membranes. Laboratory-scale experiments were carried out with two well-characterized NF membranes, with the goal of relating pharmaceutical retention behavior to membrane characteristics, physicochemical properties of the pharmaceutical molecules, and s...

Investment in nanotechnology is now a given constant by governments, research centers and companies in both more developed countries and emerging markets. Due to their characteristics, such as high stability, ability to enable antigen identification on specific cells in the human body and controlling the release of drugs and, therefore, improving therapies, nanoparticles have been the subject o...