women's rights alimony as preferred creditor is highlighted in iranian civil law. in other words women's right on maintenance is given priority over other debts, meaning the wife's claim takes priority over all other debts. it should be noted the above mentioned rights are considered in the first draft of family protection law and more privilege is given to women on this issue. i...

the ideal theory is plato’s most important philosophical view involving his allegory of the cave. he tried much to explain this theory and present arguments in order to prove it. however, his views on the proof arguments and the concrete materials with ideals suffer from shortcomings. the present paper argues that the critiques of aristotle, avicenna, and allamah tabatabaee against this theory ...

Introduction Metaphilosophy is all the rage nowadays. Philosophers are becoming increasingly self-conscious about their methodology, as this volume showcases. And rightly so—it is part of our job description to put thinking under the microscope, and that obviously should include our philosophical thinking. Much as we want philosophers of physics, of biology, of mathematics, and so on to scrutin...

Contextualism in epistemology is the view that on different occasions of utterance, the English verb know expresses different propositional attitudes—attitudes that vary in the required degree or kind of justification. For terminological convenience, I will distinguish between two contextualist theses. First, there is what Iʼll call linguistic contextualism (LC). By linguistic contextualism, I ...

There are compelling reasons for teaching a philosophy of science course to undergraduate life science students. The main reason is to help them understand that modern science is not based upon a single, consistent philosophical system; nor is it based upon common sense, or a method, set of rules or formulas that can be used to make unerring predictions. Rather, science is a dynamic process tha...

Kripke’s version of Wittgenstein’s rule-following paradox has been influential. My concern is with how it—and Wittgenstein’s views more generally—have been perceived as undercutting the individualistic picture of mathematical practice: the view that individuals—Robinson Crusoes—can, entirely independently of a community, engage in cogent mathematics, and indeed (more generally) have “private la...