in this paper, at first we mention to some results related to pi and vertex co-pi indices and then we introduce the edge versions of co-pi indices. then, we obtain some properties about these new indices.

With the use of modern information and communication technologies (ICTs), farmers in developing and transition countries can overcome non-market information asymmetries and increase farm productivity. Which kind of ICT is most effective is still uncertain. This study aims at investigating the impact of different kinds of ICTs on farmer’s performance by using survey data collected from raspberry...

Although more empirical and theoretical work is needed to provide strong guidance for educational change agents, we do know some general things about effective propagation of educational innovations. Following Fullan [1], we think of educational innovations as new materials, teaching approaches, and/or beliefs. Each claim and its lesson for TUES PIs is summarized below and then explained in mor...