The paper deals with the morpho-syllabic grapheme 見 jiàn in Mandarin Chinese. It explores monosyllabic Chinese word ‘see’ graphemic perspective of traditional writing as well contribution radical to notation morphemes semantic field “seeing”. introduction topic outlines relationship a morpheme, syllable and grapheme. historical background Kangxi radicals is discussed show that canon graphemes c...

The visual complexity of orthographies varies across writing systems. Prior research has shown that complexity strongly influences the initial stage of reading development: the perceptual learning of grapheme forms. This study presents a computational simulation that examines the degree to which visual complexity leads to grapheme learning difficulty. We trained each of 131 identical neural net...

We report on an implemented grapheme to phoneme conversion architecture Given a set of examples spelling words with their associated phonetic represen tation in a language a grapheme to phoneme conversion system is automatically produced for that language which takes as its input the spelling of words and pro duces as its output the phonetic transcription according to the rules implicit in the ...

This paper presents a neural network based verification method in an HMM-based on-line Korean handwriting recognition system. It penalizes unreasonable grapheme hypotheses and complements global and structural information to the HMM-based recognition system, which is intrinsically based on local information. In the proposed system, each grapheme has one neural network verifier as well as one HM...

This paper presents a neural network based verification method in an HMM-based on-line Korean handwriting recognition system. It penalizes unreasonable grapheme hypotheses and complements global and structural information to the HMM-based recognition system, which is intrinsically based on local information. In the proposed system, each grapheme has one neural network verifier as well as one HM...

Grapheme-color synesthesia is a heritable trait where graphemes ("2") elicit the concurrent perception of specific colors (red). Researchers have questioned whether synesthetic experiences are meaningful or simply arbitrary associations and whether these associations are perceptual or conceptual. To address these fundamental questions, ERPs were recorded as 12 synesthetes read statements such a...

In this paper, we describe a method to enhance the readability of the textual output in a large vocabulary continuous speech recognition system when out-of-vocabulary words occur. The basic idea is to replace uncertain words in the transcriptions with a phoneme recognition result that is postprocessed using a phoneme-to-grapheme converter. This converter turns phoneme strings into grapheme stri...

People with color-grapheme synesthesia experience color when viewing written letters or numerals, usually with a particular color evoked by each grapheme. Here, we report on data from 11 color-grapheme synesthetes who had startlingly similar color-grapheme pairings traceable to childhood toys containing colored letters. These are the first and only data to show learned synesthesia of this kind ...