The two categories of political religion and civil (also civic) religion, the ways a nation can nurture latter, have been concern number philosophers since long time ago. Relevant to this is ideals democracy, separation politics necessity having secular legal covenant, which represents philosophy modern republic. Theorists particularly Jean-Jacques Rousseau, were concerned with role established...

Founded after the triumph of Islamic Revolution, Corps Revolutionary Guard Iran has evolved far beyond its original foundations as an ideological guardian nascent revolutionary regime. Today, it functions a socio-political-economic conglomerate, whose influence extends to all areas Iranian life. Its members have articulated vision Republic that they feel committed defending, becoming guarantors...

This study aims to offer a critical analysis of V. S. Naipaul’s second Islamic travelogue Beyond Belief: Islamic Excursions Among the Converted Peoples (1998), which chronicles the author’s excursions to the 4 non-Arab Muslim countries of Indonesia, Iran, Pakistan, and Malaysia. This critique is presented, firstly, through problematizing the author’s theorization on the theme of Muslim conversi...

globalization and democracy have become the most debated issues throughout the world, which, no doubt also influence iran. this paper highlights these phenomena with respect to iran but takes up the issue through various description and features presented by the con-temporary socio- political thinkers and economists. considering globalization, although the subject matter is very recent but iran...