introduction payment system is any organized arrangement for transferring monetary value leading to discharge and settlement of obligation. negotiable instruments in their special meaning are tradable documents that can be used as means of payment in commercial and consuming trades and are considered as non-cash payment system among the monetary transferring systems. the negotiable instruments ...

software architecture is considered one of the most important indices of software engineering today. software architecture is a technical description of a system indicating its component structures and their relationships, and is the principles and rules governing designing. the success of the software depends on whether the system can satisfy the quality attributes. one of the most critical as...

Social-ecological systems are often highly complex, making effective governance a considerable challenge. In large, heterogeneous systems, hierarchical institutional regimes may be efficient, but effective management outcomes are dependent on stakeholder support. This support is shaped by perceptions of legitimacy, which risks being undermined where resource users are not engaged in decision-ma...

jurisprudence, in its strict sense which is binding, is regarded as one of the important sources of law. this article seeks by relying on some judgments issued by general board of administrative justice court concerning the social security organization summarily investigate some deficiencies in performances of the social security organization and administrative justice court. in short, the enac...

nowadays, the status of regulations of securities exchange section in accordance with its huge transactions and its increasing role in countries’ economies has gained particular significance. on the other hand, taking into account that iran is presently an observer member of wto and the necessity of its becoming a permanent one in the near future, it is essential to revise and amend its rules a...