it has been tried to compare the “price payment method” in iranian law with “principles of international commercial contracts” and “convention on contracts for international sale of goods vienna, 1980” in this study. different law regulations in various countries should be unified in order to extend rapid and insured trusted law relations among the nations and people all over the world because ...

This assessment of the future of Internet payments concentrates on the potential of serverbased Internet payment systems. The central server-based approach is seen as a relevant future trend and "paradigm shift" in the development of Internet Payment systems. The analysis therefore goes beyond the mere observation of a "second generation" of Internet payment systems (such as prepaid scratch car...

This assessment of the future of Internet payments concentrates on the potential of serverbased Internet payment systems. The central server-based approach is seen as a relevant future trend and "paradigm shift" in the development of Internet Payment systems, and the analysis therefore goes beyond the mere observation of a "second generation" of Internet payment systems (such as prepaid scratch...

Under a real-time gross settlement (RTGS) system, there is an incentive for system participants to delay making their outgoing payments to facilitate their funding, and this creates the risk of settlement delays spreading throughout the entire system. Intraday credit facility and market practices have been established to avoid the risk and led to settlement concentration in the morning, as well...

This paper is a survey of some classical contributions and recent progress in identifying optimal dividend payment strategies in the framework of collective risk theory. In particular, available mathematical tools are discussed and some challenges are described that occur under various objective functions and model assumptions. Finally, some open research problems in this field are stated. AMS ...