We formulate and test a hypothesis for the dramatic restructuring that the plant breeding and seed industry has recently undergone: the reorganization can be explained in part by the desire to exploit complementarities between intellectual assets needed to create genetically modified organisms. This hypothesis is tested using data on agricultural biotechnology patents, notices for field tests o...

We examine regulations for managing pest resistance to pesticide varieties in a temporally and spatially explicit framework. We compare the performance of the EPA’s mandatory refuges and a tax (or subsidy) on the pesticide variety under several biological assumptions on pest mobility and the heterogeneity of farmers’ pest vulnerability. We find that only the tax (or subsidy) restores efficiency...

This paper examines the relationship between various types of corn research and development (R&D) and corn prices in the United States through a fixed effects panel data model. This research explores R&D investment from both nonprofit and for-profit institutions and the effect these have corn prices. In addition, we look at the effect that corresponding exogenous changes in corn prices have on ...

Mechanization of cotton harvesting began in earnest in the Soviet Union in 1958 and was expected to proceed more rapidly than the market-driven process which had begun in the USA a decade earlier. Despite high output of cotton-picking machines, the share of the crop harvested mechanically grew more slowly than in the USA. Mechanical picking was resisted at the farm level on the basis of distort...

extra points need to be made. Firstly, although the results of the questionnaire (Q1 6) seem at first glance to show differences between exposed workers and controls, they do not differ to a statistically significant degree, as the authors themselves stated. Furthermore there is no unequivocal trend in the answers given. Whereas questions No 1, 3, and 15 are rated with Yes more often by exposed...

abstract research and development (r&d;) spending plays a major role in innovation, raising productivity and increasing economic growth. the purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of r&d; spending on growth and total factor productivity (tfp) in iran's agricultural sector. we estimate growth and productivity models using auto-regressive distributed lag (ardl) approach and data over ...

Green energy is considered the backbone for all environmental strategies as it impacts organizations in three key areas, such economy, society, and environment. projects have emerged sustainable drivers of economic elevation a country, replacing conventional sources that damage ecology to great extent. In this paper, primary purpose overview financial processes pursue green energy. Moreover, pa...