The Ramsey number R(G1, G2, G3) is the smallest positive integer n such that for all 3-colorings of the edges of Kn there is a monochromatic G1 in the first color, G2 in the second color, or G3 in the third color. We study the bounds on various 3-color Ramsey numbers R(G1, G2, G3), where Gi ∈ {K3,K3 + e,K4 − e,K4}. The minimal and maximal combinations of Gi’s correspond to the classical Ramsey ...

Hindbrain neural crest cells adjacent to rhombomeres 2 (r2), r4 and r6 migrate in a segmental pattern, toward the first, second and third branchial arches, respectively. Although all rhombomeres generate neural crest cells, those arising from r3 and r5 deviate rostrally and caudally (J. Sechrist, G. Serbedzija, T. Scherson, S. Fraser and M. Bronner-Fraser (1993) Development 118, 691-703). We ha...

AIMS In this study, a real-time fluorescence loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RealAmp) was developed and evaluated for the rapid and quantitative detection of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4 (R4) in soil. METHODS AND RESULTS The LAMP primer set was designed based on previously verified RAPD marker sequences, and the RealAmp assay could specifically detect and distinguish R4 is...

The present study is aimed at alteration of sewage sludge into stable compost product using vermicomposting of sewage sludge mixed with cattle manure and saw dust in five different proportions based on C/N ratios (C/N 15 (R1), 20 (R2), 25 (R3) and 30 (R4); and control (R5)) by employing an epigeic earthworm Eisenia fetida. Higher reductions in C/N ratio, CO2 evolution and OUR were observed in R...

More than 217 UMTS licenses have been issued by June 2007. Mobile operators, especially those with GSM legacy networks, prefer UMTS R4 technique to evolve their existing 2G GSM networks. UMTS R4 technique provides a smooth path to bridge legacy TDM-based network to an IP-based soft-switched network. This paper describes the basic architecture and topology of UMTS R4 core network and introduces ...

This paper outlines a proposal for an expert system, AKT-R4, which will be the fourth iteration of the Refiner series. Unlike previous iterations, AKTR4 will include a non-deterministic feature which will enable it to better handle noisy datasets by generating category descriptions with ‘fuzzy’ boundaries. The AKT-R4 system will be based on a case-based algorithm focussed on performing a classi...

GHK is a promising cosmeceutical peptide that stimulates the synthesis of ECM and modulates activity Matrix Metallo Proteinases (MMPs). However, due to hydrophilic properties GHK, skin permeability challenge. To overcome this limitation, we considered two modifications, namely palmitoyl attachment arginine oligomer conjugation. First, evaluated optimal modification for penetration using Franz d...

Four identical 37.5 Liter UASB reactors R1, R2, R3 and R4 were used to study the effect of sulfate concentration on granule formation. Diluted molasses with COD range 1000–1300 mg/l were used as feed and acclimated cow manure was used as seed. Concentration of sulfate ions in the four reactors were 100, 500, 1000 and 1500mg/l. Granules were observed in R2 after 33 days from startup time, while ...

Diagnosis is difficult to perform and difficult to teach as it requires a large volume of information of various kinds and an appreciation of the differential diagnosis process. The fourth version of the Refiner series, AKT-R4, incorporates a new concept known as the diagnostic web, which is a combination of hypothetico-deductive reasoning (HDR) and illness scripts. AKT-R4 requires no additiona...