Despite many attempts to introduce evolutionary models that permit substitutions instantly alter more than one nucleotide in a codon, the prevailing wisdom remains such changes are rare and generally negligible or reflective of non-biological artifacts, as alignment errors. Codon continue posit only single change have non-zero rates. Here, we develop test simple hierarchy codon-substitution wit...

Wolfram syndrome (WS) is a rare autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease with variable symptoms, including neuropsychiatric manifestations. A 26-year-old man was reported with classic symptoms of WS and repetitive psychiatric hospitalizations and at least 16 suicidal attempts. The genetic study demonstrated a novel homozygous stop-codon mutation on the WFS1 gene. This special type of mutat...

In order to study and compare the phosphate transporter gene codon usage and it's respond to the traits like salt tolerance, day length, Pollination and temperature in different plants, 100 isoform from 10 plants are extracted from NCBI website and then analyzed with Gene Infinity and Minitab 16 software. The result shows that the highest codon usage similarity (81.95%) was for wheat a...

Background Human coagulation factor IX is a 57kDa plasma serine protease made in Liver which plays a vital role in the blood coagulation cascade. FIX deficiency causes severe disorder Hemophilia B or Christmas disease. Nowadays, recombinant proteins have important roles in treatment of diseases. Although, cultivated mammalian cells because of their ability for producing properly folded protein ...

in order to study and compare the phosphate transporter gene codon usage and it's respond to the traits like salt tolerance, day length, pollination and temperature in different plants, 100 isoform from 10 plants are extracted from ncbi website and then analyzed with gene infinity and minitab 16 software. the result shows that the highest codon usage similarity (81.95%) was for wheat and oryza ...

Constitutive activation of the wnt-signaling pathway plays an important role during both human and rat colon carcinogenesis and can be brought through mutations in either the adenomatous polyposis coli or the beta-catenin gene. Mutations found in the beta-catenin gene typically affect one out of four regulatory phosphorylation sites near the N-terminus of the beta-catenin protein. Whereas in hu...

The soil bacterium Pseudomonas protegens Pf-5 can colonize root and seed surfaces of many plants, protecting them from infection by plant pathogenic fungi and oomycetes. The capacity to suppress disease is attributed to Pf-5's production of a large spectrum of antibiotics, which is controlled by complex regulatory circuits operating at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. In thi...

We discovered previously that the small Escherichia coli proteins Hha (hemolysin expression modulating protein) and the adjacent, poorly-characterized YbaJ are important for biofilm formation; however, their roles have been nebulous. Biofilms are intricate communities in which cell signaling often converts single cells into primitive tissues. Here we show that Hha decreases biofilm formation dr...