The effects of black tea polyphenol extract (BTPE) on the retrogradation of starches from different plant sources were studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). DSC analysis shows that the gelatinization temperature of maize starch and starches from different rice varieties increased with increasing BTPE level. After storage at 4 °C, BTPE at a concentrat...

Amongst the promised capabilities of fourth-generation x-ray sources currently under construction is the ability to record diffraction patterns from individual biological molecules. One version of such an experiment would involve directing a stream of molecules into the x-ray beam and sequentially recording the scattering from each molecule of a short, but intense, pulse of radiation. The pulse...

To test whether gross changes in chromatin structure occur during the cell cycle, we compared HeLa mitotic metaphase chromosomes and interphase nuclei by low angle x-ray diffraction. Interphase nuclei and metaphase chromosomes differ only in the 30-40-nm packing reflection, but not in the higher angle part of the x-ray diffraction pattern. Our interpretation of these results is that the transit...

Vitrosin, a fibrous protein obtained from the vitreous humor of the eye in the form of an indefinitely long fibril about 100 to 150 A in diameter, has been identified as a member of the collagen class of proteins. It is characterized by the collagen wide-angle x-ray diffraction pattern, and axial periodicity of about 640 A determined by electron microscopy and small-angle x-ray diffraction, an ...

Since the emergence of powerful X-ray sources such as synchrotron radiation, the area of X-ray structure determination gradually evolved into two fields. The relatively small one is X-ray Microscopy which employs X-ray lenses such as zone plates, compound refractive lenses, curved mirrors and glass capillaries to focus X-rays to determine the structures of non-crystalline specimens. The resolut...

We report the recording and reconstruction of x-ray diffraction patterns from single, unstained viruses, for the first time. By separating the diffraction pattern of the virus particles from that of their surroundings, we performed quantitative and high-contrast imaging of a single virion. The structure of the viral capsid inside a virion was visualized. This work opens the door for quantitativ...

introduction individual x-ray diffraction patterns of biological tissues are obtained via interference of coherent scattering with their electrons. many scientists have distinguished normal and cancerous breast tissue, bone density, and urinary stone types using the x-ray diffraction patterns resulting from coherent scattering. the goal of this study was to introduce an optimized method for obt...

Figure S1: X-ray powder diffraction pattern of the iron oxide nanospheres sample. X-ray Powder diffraction (XRPD) was measured on a conventional in-house powder diffractometer using Cu Kα radiation. Rietveld refinement yields cubic lattice parameters of 8.362(2) Å for the nanospheres and 8.348(1) Å for the nanocubes, which are both close to the cubic spinel lattice parameter of maghemite. The r...

A bone has a hierarchical structure as shown in Fig. 1 [1]. Macroscopic bone properties are dependent on the microstructure and properties of structural elements. The bone is a composite material that consists of hydroxyapatite particles in a matrix of collagen fiber. Borsato et al. [2] measured the strain of hydroxyapatite by X-ray diffraction and obtained clear evidence of the stress concentr...