The onset of thermal convection in an enclosed rotating cylinder is greatly influenced by the interaction between the Coriolis force and the cylinder sidewall. For temperature differences between the hot bottom and the cool top that are too small to sustain convection throughout the entire cylinder, convection sets in as pairs of wall-bounded hot thermal plumes ascend and cold thermal plumes de...

Heat and mass convection ............................................................................................................................. 1 Heat convection: what it is ........................................................................................................................ 1 Types of heat convection .......................................................................

Classical theories of turbulence do not describe accurately inertial range scaling laws in turbulent convection and notably fail to model the shape of the turbulent spectrum of solar photospheric convection. To understand these discrepancies, a detailed study of scale-by-scale budgets in turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard convection is presented, with particular emphasis placed on anisotropy and inhomog...

The present paper presents a simple theory for the transformation of nonprecipitating, shallow convection into precipitating, deep convective clouds. Tomake the pertinent point amuch idealized system is considered, consisting only of shallow and deep convection without large-scale forcing. The transformation is described by an explicit coupling between these two types of convection. Shallow con...

S U M M A R Y An assumption of isothermal and static asthenosphere as the normal state of sublithospheric mantle, as commonly employed in studies of terrestrial magmatism, may be physically implausible for a system cooled from above. The growth of an unstable thermal boundary layer at the base of the lithosphere can lead to small-scale convection, so asthenosphere is expected to be usually conv...

We investigate the influence on mantle convection of the negative Clapeyron slope ringwoodite to perovskite and ferro-periclase mantle phase transition, which is correlated with the seismic discontinuity at 660 km depth. In particular, we focus on understanding the influence of the magnitude of the Clapeyron slope (as measured by the Phase Buoyancy parameter, P ) and the vigour of convection (a...

Thermobaric convection (type II convection) and thermobaric cabbeling (type III convection) might substantially contribute to vertical mixing, vertical heat transport, and deep-water formation in the World Ocean.However, the extent of this contribution remains poorly constrained. The concept of ocean convective available potential energy (OCAPE), the thermobaric energy source for type II and ty...

Most CMIP5 models unrealistically form Antarctic Bottom Water by open ocean deep convection in the Weddell and Ross Seas. To identify the triggering mechanisms leading to Southern Ocean deep convection in models, we perform sensitivity experiments on the ocean model NEMO forced by prescribed atmospheric fluxes. We vary the ver-5 tical velocity scale of the Langmuir turbulence, the fraction of t...

For thermal mixed-convection flows, the Nusselt number is a function of Reynolds number, Grashof number and the angle between the forcedand natural-convection directions. We consider flow over a heated cylinder for which there is no universal correlation that accurately predicts Nusselt number as a function of these parameters, especially in opposing-convection flows, where the natural convecti...

5 This paper studies the significance of MJO convection asymmetry through composites 6 of kinematic and thermodynamic fields associated with predominantly symmetric and pre7 dominantly antisymmetric MJO convection using ECMWF Interim Reanalysis. The MJO 8 events were identified based on the primary MJO modes extracted from the IR brightness 9 temperature in Part I of this work. The predominantl...