Previous research on implicit focus on form (FonF) has shown that target forms are not always noticed by learners, suggesting that externally-created salience (by the teacher) does not necessarily guarantee learners’ internally-generated salience (Sharwood Smith, 1991, 1993). In an attempt to explore ways of promoting both types of salience, an input enhancement study was conducted in order to ...

indubitably, the efficacy of metalinguistic awareness in improving efl learners’ grammatical knowledge and writing quality has long been an area of great interest in applied linguistics brown (2001). accordingly, the main objective of the present study was to investigate the impact of planned and unplanned focus on form instruction on students’ ability to learn grammar and use it appropriately ...

Lifschitz introduced a logic of minimal belief and negation as failure, called MBNF, in order to provide a theory of epistemic queries to nonmonotonic databases. We present a feasible subsystem of MBNF which can be translated into a logic built on first order logic and negation as failure, called FONF. We give a semantics for FONF along with an extended connection calculus. In particular, we de...

This study aims to compare the effects of four types of FFI on second language vocabulary learning. To do so, the study adopted a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design, including five groups, each receiving a distinct treatment. The participants were 80 fourth-grade male students ranging in age from 17 to 19. Before the treatment phase, the participants took a researcher-made test of vocab...

This experimental study evaluated the possible effects of textual input- based enhancement on the acquisition of passive form on Iranian pre-intermediate EFL learners. Sixty Iranian EFL learners at the pre-intermediate level of proficiency were randomly assigned into three groups; two experimental group and one comparison group. The first experimental group received passages in which the passiv...