In an increasingly competitive business environment characterized by more globalization, deregulation and technological advances, companies have been looking for ways of differentiating their products and services and also rethinking their business model through leaner operations and reduced costs. In this context, a new practice that has recently gained a lot of attention is the offshore outso...

The COVID-19 crisis has led to substantial reductions in earnings. We propose a new measure of financial vulnerability, computable through survey data, determine whether households can withstand certain income shock for defined period time. Using data from the ECB Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS) we analyse pre-existing vulnerability seven EU countries. find that support is essen...

Low family income is associated with poor academic achievement among children. Higher rates of school absence and tardiness may be one mechanism through which low family income impacts children's academic success. This study examines relations between family income, as measured by receipt of free or reduced-price lunch, school attendance, and academic achievement among a diverse sample of child...

Programs using means tests to identify low-income households face a trade-off between promoting access and ensuring program integrity. The authors use a comparison-district design to estimate the effects of a pilot program to improve the accuracy of the process of certifying students for free or reduced-price meals in the National School Lunch Program. This pilot program required households to ...

Personal or household income predicts mortality risk, with each additional dollar of income conferring a slightly smaller decrease in the mortality risk. Regardless of whether levels of income inequality in a society impact on mortality rates over and above this individual-level association (i.e., the 'income inequality hypothesis'), the current consensus is that narrowing income distributions ...

Income tax incentives directly affect the economic feasibility of proposals for taxdeferred risk management accounts. Data indicate that despite clear financial advantages from tax deferment and reduced income variability, income targeting may preclude many farmers from contributing enough money for accounts to be effective.

Most states have adopted administrative measures to encourage the use of prenatal care among medicaid-eligible women. At the same time, declining welfare caseloads have caused many women to lose medicaid. We examine the effects of changes in income eligibility, administrative procedures, and welfare caseloads using data from all birth certificates for 1990-1996. Higher income cutoffs increased ...

BACKGROUND The degree to which genetic or environmental factors are associated with early kidney damage among African Americans (AAs) is unknown. METHODS Among 462 AAs in the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study, we examined the cross-sectional association between apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) risk variants and income with: 1) mildly reduced eGFR (<75 mL...

Optimality conditions and comparative static properties of the optimal Mirrleesian nonlinear income tax are obtained for a nite population and quasilinear-in-consumption preferences. Contrary to Weymark (1987) who considers quasilinear-in-leisure preferences, the linearity with respect to gross income, which is observed by the government and used as a tax base, is lost. A reduced-form optimal i...

Personal or household income predicts mortality risk, with each additional dollar of income conferring a slightly smaller decrease in the mortality risk. Regardless of whether levels of income inequality in a society impact on mortality rates over and above this individual-level association (ie, the ‘income inequality hypothesis’), the current consensus is that narrowing income distributions wi...