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the redundancy allocation problem can be described as selecting the components and system configuration in order to optimize some objective function(s) without violating the system constraints. operating conditions are not constant in many advanced engineering systems. mostly, in the engineering applications selection, the number of redundancy components must be balanced among the constraints (...

The minimum complexity or minimum description-length criterion developed by Kolmogorov, Rissanen, Wallace, So&in, and others leads to consistent probability density estimators. These density estimators are defined to achieve the best compromise between likelihood and simplicity. A related issue is the compromise between accuracy of approximations and complexity relative to the sample size. An i...

Iterative source-channel decoding (ISCD) exploits the residual redundancy of the source, e.g., codec parameters, for quality improvements. In contrast to the well-known convolutional coded ISCD systems, we propose in this paper an ISCD scheme which features a superior performance but is based solely on two short block codes. The block codes serve as highly redundant index assignment and rate-1 ...

The Gillette Gait Index (GGI) is a tool used to measure pathologic gait severity and assess outcomes. The purpose of this study is to assess the variation in calculated GGI values with different sets of control data. Five able bodied control sets from four labs were used to establish the basis of the GGI. Gait data from three pediatric patients seen pre- and post-operatively at one lab and one ...

Changes in precipitation regimes and nitrogen deposition levels due to global change are altering terrestrial ecosystems worldwide. Most attempts at understanding how biotic interactions affect plant species community responses have focused on measured the level. However, these approaches ignore that communities include functionally dissimilar might respond differently changes effects of domina...

OBJECTIVES To investigate three aspects of the redundancy of hierarchical relations across biomedical terminologies: 1) What proportion of the relations is redundant?, 2) Which terminologies tend to overlap with other terminologies?, and 3) Is there a link between redundancy and semantic consistency?. METHODS Hierarchical relations are counted in the various families of terminologies integrat...

Prosodic Prominence and prosodic boundaries have been shown to effect syllabic durations. However another factor, redundancy, also appears to have a major impact. More common words and words you can easily predict from context (more redundant) tend to be articulated less clearly and so also have a tendency to have shortened syllabic durations. This paper explores the relationship between measur...

Our recently introduced JPEG steganographic method called Yet Another Steganographic Scheme (YASS) can resist blind steganalysis by embedding data in the discrete cosine transform (DCT) domain in randomly chosen image blocks. To maximize the embedding rate for a given image and a specified attack channel, the redundancy factor used by the repeat-accumulate (RA) code based error correction frame...

This paper presents a new approach, called robust nonlinear analytic redundancy (RNLAR) technique to actuator fault detection for input-affine nonlinear multivariable dynamic systems. Robust fault detection is important because of the universal existence of model uncertainties and process disturbances in most systems. This paper characterizes the order of redundancy relation for nonlinear syste...