From the beginning of the Islamic era, Muslim societies have experienced periods of renewal (tajdid). Since the eighteenth century, Muslim societies across the world have been subject to a prolonged and increasingly deeply felt process of renewal. This has been expressed in different ways in different contexts. Amongst political elites with immediate concerns to answer the challenges of the Wes...

Muslims were introduced to modern Western philosophy during the time of colonization, when they not emotionally or mentally ready absorb it and generally skeptical anything Western. This has caused an intellectual crisis, some saw new ideas from West as a direct threat Islamic identity. The point here is why Muslim societies have always been philosophy, even though accepted all without any trou...

Despite Latin-American constitutionalism and Western share common origins, the characteristics of first one influenced on constitutional experimentalism. Indigenous roots characterized recent democratic reformism since they are basis for birth ‘Nuevo Constitucionalismo’ theory, differing from theory that is individualist liberalistic. From a cultural anthropological point view, new theories hav...