C alhoun et al 1 in this edition of the journal report on an important clinical phenotype: refractory hypertension. They provide important information on the prevalence, risk factors, and comorbidities for refractory hypertension in a large observational study, including adults from across the United States. 2 They note that 0.5% of the patients receiving antihy-pertensive treatment and 3.6% of...

We report the case of a 7-year-old male child diagnosed with Williams-Beuren syndrome and arterial hypertension refractory to clinical treatment. The diagnosis was confirmed by genetic study. Narrowing of the descending aorta and stenosis of the renal arteries were also diagnosed. Systemic vascular alterations caused by deletion of the elastin gene may occur early in individuals with Williams-B...

Primary pulmonary hypertension is a disease that has become increasingly recognized in lupus patients. Pathologic findings from lupus patients usually do not differ from those who have idiopathic pulmonary hypertension. In recent years, intravenous vasodilator therapy has improved morbidity and mortality in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. In this case report, we describe a young w...

We report the history of a 39-year-old-man who suffered from refractory arterial hypertension and who was referred to us for the diagnosis of phaeochromocytoma due to increased urinary free catecholamines. The work-up revealed the diagnosis of cocaine-induced arterial hypertension. The pathogenesis of cocaine-induced arterial hypertension as well as the differential diagnosis of increased urina...

Pulmonary hypertension is a common finding in patients with advanced liver disease. Similarly, among patients with advanced pulmonary arterial hypertension, right heart failure leads to congestive hepatopathy. Diuretic resistant fluid overload in both advanced pulmonary hypertension and chronic liver disease is a demanding challenge for physicians. Venous congestion and ascites-induced increase...