A technique for detecting large hydrometeors at high altitudes is described here and applied to the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite/Microwave Limb Sounder (UARS/MLS) 203-GHz radiance measurements at tangent pressures between 200 and 46 hPa. At these tangent pressures the radiances remain optically thin and cloudy-sky radiances are brighter than normal clear-sky cases. Unlike infrared/visibl...

Abstract A cloud is a collection of water droplets or ice crystals, both them suspended in the air. The aim this work to study spatiotemporal variations properties over six selected cities Iraq which they are (Mosul, Khanaqin, Baghdad, Rutba, Kut, and Basra) at multi-pressure levels using remote sensing data for period from (1981) (2020). results show that values temperature specific humidity a...

Composites of wind speeds, equivalent potential temperature, mean sea level pressure, vertical velocity, and relative humidity have been produced for the 100 most intense extratropical cyclones in the Northern Hemisphere winter for the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) and the high resolution global environment model (HiGEM). Features of conceptual models of cyclone structure—the warm conveyor b...

introduction the city population, in particular at the industrialized cities and centers of provinces, has increased dramatically in iran during recent decades. arak city as center of markazi province is among those industrialized cities which has experienced a fast increase in population. these changes in population numbers tend to increase consuming water resources as well as increasing in en...

Observational records are more often than not influenced by residual non-climatic factors which must be detected and adjusted for prior to their usage. In this work, we present a novel approach, named Radiosounding HARMonization (RHARM), providing homogenized data set of temperature, humidity wind profiles along with an estimation the measurement uncertainties 697 radiosounding stations globall...

Monthly humidity (represented as dew point temperature, DWPT) data from 22 land and 5 island Australian upper-air sites were analysed, with trends estimated over the 1965–2017 period at four pressure levels. Humidity selected to ensure that collected under consistent sampling conditions used (‘modified data’). The quality control process involved examining station metadata applying an objective...

The TOVS Path-B data set provides atmospheric temperature and water vapor profiles as well as cloud properties over the globe, from 1987 to 1995. Their relatively high spectral resolution yields reliable cirrus properties, day and night. First, we present average cirrus properties and their seasonal and diurnal variations. A reanalysis which will extend the present data set back to 1979 and up ...

introduction hazards can be divided into two main groups: one based on origin and other based on speed of occurrence. from view point of speed, the hazards divided into catastrophe and gradual types. for example earthquake, flooding, landslide, avalanche and intense rainfall especially hail are classified into catastrophe events. gradual events include drought, global warming and soil creeping....

The problem of abnormally dry bias induced by radiosonde humidity sensor failure in the low and midtroposphere is studied based on the global operational radiosonde relative humidity observations from December 2008 to November 2009. The concurrent humidity retrievals from the FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC radio occultation mission are also used to assess the quality of the radiosonde humidity observations....