Constraint-based causal structure learning algorithms rely on the faithfulness property. For faithfulness, all conditional independencies should come from the system’s causal structure. The problem is that even for linear Gaussian models the property is not tenable. In this paper, we identify 4 non-causal properties that generate conditional independencies and investigate whether they can be re...

Mechanisms enabling men to identify women likely to engage in extra-pair copulations (EPCs) would be advantageous in avoiding cuckoldry. Men's judgments of female sexual faithfulness often show high consensus, but accuracy appears poor. We examined whether accuracy of these judgments made to images of women could be improved through i) employing a forced choice task, in which men were asked to ...

We consider an axiomatic characterization of the plurality rule, which selects the alternative(s) most preferred by the largest number of individuals. We strengthen the characterization result of Yeh (Economic Theory 34: 575–583, 2008) by replacing efficiency axiom by the weaker axiom called faithfulness. Formally, we show that the plurality rule is the only rule satisfying anonymity, neutralit...

Many algorithms for inferring causality rely heavily on the faithfulness assumption. The main justification for imposing this assumption is that the set of unfaithful distributions has Lebesgue measure zero, since it can be seen as a collection of hypersurfaces in a hypercube. However, due to sampling error the faithfulness condition alone is not sufficient for statistical estimation, and stron...