Respiratory symptoms in infants with hypothyroidism were not emphasized as an integral part of the clinical picture until Lowrey, Aster, Carr, Ramon, Beierwaltes and Spafford (1958) pointed out the frequency with which such symptoms occurred. Of their cases, 75% had various degrees of respiratory difficulty. The purpose of this report is to draw attention once more to the frequency of respirato...

Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Disorders (MRCD) are a heterogeneous group of disorders that share the involvement of the cellular bioenergetic machinery due to molecular defects affecting the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS). Clinically, they usually involve multiple tissues although they tend to mainly affect nervous system and skeletal muscle. Cardiological manifestati...

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a major global concern. As of writing this manuscript, there are over 224 million cases diagnosed with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and 4.5 million recorded deaths by the disease. Objectives: This review article investigates studies conducted on SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, transmission, and different cl...

Ectodermal dysplasia syndromes are frequently associated with manifestations of disease in the respiratory tract. Commonly, patients present with signs and symptoms of sinusitis, otitis media with effusion, bronchitis or pneumonia. The etiologic bases for these disorders are multi-factorial, including abnormal mucous production, anatomical variations, atopy and immune function abnormalities. Th...

the isocyanates are widely used as precursors of polyurethane products, as well as carbamate insecticides. toluene 2,4-diisocyanate (tdi) is one of the most important commercially used isocyanates. humans may be exposed to tdi by inhalation, ingestion, dermal and eye contact. tdi is a powerful irritant to the mucosal membranes of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, eyes and the skin. p...

INTRODUCTION Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis is the most important cause for admission to the paediatric intensive care unit in infants with lower respiratory tract infection. In recent years the importance of extrapulmonary manifestations of RSV infection has become evident. This systematic review aimed at summarizing the available evidence on manifestations of RSV infection ou...