soil moisture is one of the critical parameters in climatic, ecological and hydrological modeling and vegetation growth. soil moisture is important for environmental studies but due to ground-based point measurement of soil moisture is expensive and impractical for watershed measurement, this parameter is not be used widely to simulate and predict models. overall and uniform view on different p...

plane-wave pseudopotential density functional theory (oft) periodic slab calculations were performed usingthe giteralized gradient approximation (gha) to investigate the adsorption of nitric oxide(no) on the (i ii)surface of cu. copper rface was stimulated using th p 'odic slab method consisting of five atomic layers.four different adsorption saes (atop. bridge, rcp hollow, and fcc hollow) were...

in this study, boundary element method was used to model sea wave propagation on a hemisphere shape under water tank and oil-water common surface oscillation in the tank. also, kinematic and dynamic oundary conditions of free surface and common surface of oil and water were discritized by finite difference method. there were some singularities in bem method, which were removed by applying zonin...

in recent years, many different methods have been developed to simulate free surface flows coupled with moving bodies. in this paper, for simulating ship maneuver, vof method (cicsam) and also for coupling velocity field and pressure a fractional step method are used. to increase simulation accuracy, the mesh size should be significantly fine. unfortunately, fine grid causes increase in simulat...

Consolation, i.e., postconflict affiliative interaction directed from a third party to the recipient of aggression, is assumed to have a stress-alleviating function. This function, however, has never been demonstrated. This study shows that consolation in chimpanzees reduces behavioral measures of stress in recipients of aggression. Furthermore, consolation was more likely to occur in the absen...

The brain mechanisms of fear have been studied extensively using Pavlovian fear conditioning, a procedure that allows exploration of how the brain learns about and later detects and responds to threats. However, mechanisms that detect and respond to threats are not the same as those that give rise to conscious fear. This is an important distinction because symptoms based on conscious and noncon...

Most infectious diseases that recently emerged in humans originated in animals. Besides close contact between animals and humans, other factors probably contribute to the cross-species transmission of infectious diseases. It is critical to establish effective mechanisms for coordination and collaboration between the animal, human, and environmental health sectors before new threats emerge by br...

Glaciers are one of the terrestrial essential climate variables (ECVs) as they respond very sensitively to climate change. A key driver of their response is the glacier surface mass balance that is typically derived from field measurements. It deserves to be quantified over long time scales to better understand the accumulation and ablation processes at the glacier surface and their relationshi...