Retailing industry has undergone tremendous change in its complexity and sophistication over the past few years. Globally we are witnessing the evolution of retailing industry from traditionally micromanaged small retail formats like mom and pop store to modern corporate-managed large retail formats like supermarkets. Consumers are also shopping across these various store formats even for the p...

proper sequencing of multiple choice test items is a matter of concern for many constructors. in this study we compared the variances of three different pharmacology test formats for nursing students. the aim of the study is to see if changing the order of questions will have any effect on the grades of the students. one way analysis of variance (anova) was used to compare the mean score of the...

Ratings of affect words are the most commonly used method to assess pleasant affect (PA) and unpleasant affect (UA). The reliance on self-reports would be problematic if affect ratings were heavily influenced by response styles. Several recent publications have indeed suggested (a) that the influence of response styles on affect ratings is pervasive, (b) that this influence can be controlled by...

Bidders in procurement auctions often face avoidable fixed costs. This can make bidding decisions complex and risky, and market outcomes volatile. If bidders deviate from risk neutral best responses, either due to faulty optimization or risk attitudes, then equilibrium predictions can perform poorly. In this paper, we confront laboratory bidders with three auction formats that make bidding diff...

In four survey experiments we show that people generally answer more extremely to items presented in vertical versus horizontal Likert formats. Our findings suggest this effect may be at least partly driven by differences the visual range spanned response scale (i.e. distance between endpoint categories is larger than a format). addition, compared traditional data, data contain variance, which ...