In this paper we study closed-loop supply chain models for a high-tech product which is featured with a short life-cycle and volatile demand. We focus on the manufacturer's choice of three alternative reverse channel structures for collecting the used product from consumers for remanufacturing: (1) the manufacturer collects the used product directly; (2) the retailer collects the used product f...

nowadays multicriteria decision making (mcdm) methods are a useful tool for investigating natural resources and toaddress problems related to hydro systems. the goal of this research was to assess the daliri standardization method(dsm) to prioritize and make selections for application to mcdm. and to compare the dsm method with the utilityadditive (uta) method. the (dsm) method, unlike the (uta...

BACKGROUND Addicted patients have innate tolerance to local anesthetics in both neuraxial and peripheral blocks. Dexmedetomidine (Dex) is a highly selective α2 adrenergic receptor agonist used as additive to increase quality and duration of peripheral nerve blocks. OBJECTIVES The current study aimed to compare the effect of dexmedetomidine and fentanyl additives on bupivacaine to prolong the ...

capital assets pricing model is used as a tool for the estimation of investments in capital markets with the relation of expected return and risk on securities. this study examines the applicability of capm on pakistan stock markets and karachi stock exchange being the main capital market of pakistan is taken for the study. the analysis is done by taking a sample of 10 performing companies of 1...

this paper analyzes the relationship between capital structure and earning management. for analysing we used 119 non-financial companies that listed in tehran stock exchange from 2000 to 2008. the researchers will focus on comparing the jones model and the modified jones model, which are the two most frequently used model in empirical analysis nowadays. earnings management is a kind of manageme...

This paper is concerned with optimal strategies for drilling in an oil exploration model. An exploration area contains n1 large and n2 small oilfields, where n1 and n2 are unknown, and represented by a two-dimensional prior distribution π. A single exploration well discovers at most one oilfield, and the discovery process is governed by some probabilistic law. Drilling a single well costs c, an...

• Co-occurring species often differ in their leaf lifespan (LL) and it remains unclear how such variation is maintained in a competitive context. Here we test the hypothesis that leaves of long-LL species yield a greater return in carbon (C) fixed per unit C or nutrient invested by the plant than those of short-LL species. • For 10 sympatric woodland species, we assessed three-dimensional shoot...