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When CASNET (Chapter 7) evolved into the general s,vstem-building tool known as EXPERT, one of the first applications was a rheumatology consultant program called AI/Rheum (Kingsland and Lindberg, 1983). Developed collaboratively by researchers at Rutgers University and the University of Missouri, AI/Rheum quickly became large and complex, thereby complicating the process of knowledge base main...

levede M. Relevance of urinary excretion of alcian blue-glycosaminoglycans complexes and hydroxyproline to disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1982;9: 579-83. 16. Chuck AJ, Murphy J, Weiss JB, Greenan DM. Comparison of urinary glycosaminoglycan excretion in rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, myocardial infarction, and controls. Ann Rheum Dis 1986;45:162-6. 17. Moss DW. Alka...

S19–23. 13 Desai SR, Veeraraghavan S, Hansell DM, Nikolakopolou A et al. CT features of lung disease in patients with systemic sclerosis: comparison with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia. Radiology 2004;232:560–7. 14 Wells AU, Hansell DM, Haslam PL, Rubens MB et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage cellularity: lone cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis compared with the fi...

BACKGROUND Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation causes various forms of acute and chronic skin damage, including immunosuppression, inflammation, premature aging and photodamage. Furthermore, it induces the generation of reactive oxygen species, produces proinflammatory cytokines and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) and increases tyrosinase activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate ...

Rhei Rhizoma (Dahuang in Chinese) is widely known as a purgative and antiinflammatory agent. In the Japanese Pharmacopoeia, Rhei Rhizoma is prescribed for four Rheum species, Rheum palmatum, R. tanguticum, R. officinale, and R. coreanum, while the first three species are prescribed for Dahuang in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Due to the morphologic similarity of the aerial parts and frequent occur...

BACKGROUND During adaptive radiation events, characters can arise multiple times due to parallel evolution, but transfer of traits through hybridization provides an alternative explanation for the same character appearing in apparently non-sister lineages. The signature of hybridization can be detected in incongruence between phylogenies derived from different markers, or from the presence of t...