We determined that the larval nervous system of Ilyanassa obsoleta contains paired cerebral, pleural, pedal, buccal and intestinal ganglia and unpaired apical, osphradial, and visceral ganglia. We used a modified form of NADPH diaphorase histochemistry to compare the neuroanatomy of precompetent (including specimens 6, 8, and 12 days after hatching), competent, and metamorphosing larvae with po...

New synonymies in the genus Spilogona Schnabl, 1911 are proposed: S. novaesibiriae (Frey, 1915) = S. obsoleta (Malloch, 1920), syn. nov.; S. trianguligera (Zetterstedt, 1838) = S. setinervis (Huckett, 1932), syn. nov. Spilogona trianguligera and S. tendipes (Malloch, 1920) are newly recorded from Greenland, and S. trianguligera also from W Siberia. The female of S. vikhrevi Sorokina, 2010 is de...

BACKGROUND In this review, the position of behavioural ecotoxicology within the available means to assess the status of marine environments is described as filling the gap for the needed "early warning" signals. A few examples of studies performed since the 1960s are discussed to highlight the sensitivity of these approaches in investigating the effects of chemicals, including priority pollutan...

Estuarine snails Ilyanassa obsoleta bearing larvae of the trematode Gynaecotyla adunca behave singularly in comparison with conspecifics lacking this parasite. Following high tides, and especially at night, infected snails were found stranded high on beaches and sandbars. Semiterrestrial crustaceans living well up on the shore serve as the next host, and the modified (induced) snail behavior is...