based on the current approach, to ascertain and enforce the sanctions in law is one of the exclusive functions of governments. but the deeper examination reveals that many transactors prefer non-legal sanctions. at first glance, this self-enforcement mechanism seems to be contrary to legal fundamentals. therefore, these sanctions are contested in law. this article is an attempt to consider a ne...

Abstract The literature on the metaphysics of gender is partially marked by a tension between conceptions that understand categories as importantly at least partly self-determined identities and those them social or cultural imposed upon others tool oppression. I argue this can be mediated understanding essentially contested. then draw “radical functionalism” to that, while, divorced context, c...

Abstract A fundamental problem in the study of ‘integration’ has been a failure to separate empirical is from normative ought : that is, what happening society separately implicit assumptions on desired end-goal. crucial question, Castles et al. (2014, p. 264) write, concerns how immigrants and their descendants “can become part receiving societies nations”. This process, they note, most common...