Although the data are not available, it seems that the risk to the fetus of asymptomatic reinfection is small,3" and certainly it is far less than that of primary rubella. In the rare cases of symptomatic reinfection viraemia may be presumed to have occurred, putting the fetus at appreciable risk.9 An antibody response may be confidently ascribed to reinfection if two or more previous positive ...

background: aflatoxin b1 (afb1) is a toxic metaboliteproduced by aspergillus species that contaminates a wide range ofagricultural products. objectives: this study was designed todevelop a rapid and highly sensitive immunoassay method inmicroarray format for quantitative detection of afb1 to evaluatethe potential of microarray platform for high-throughput screening,which can be beneficial in fo...

background and aims: rubella is predominantly a childhood disease that is endemic throughout the world and when rubella outbreaks occur, they are accompanied by birth defects following congenital rubella syndrome. immunity to rubella virus as a teratogenic agent has an important role for prevention of these serious congenital defects. lymphocyte proliferation assay is a way for investigation of...

BACKGROUND Our aim was to detect the rate of Toxoplasma gondii infections and the coinfections in childbearing age women in Turkey accompanying using seroprevalence data from a multicenter hospital setting. METHODS Overal, 17751 childbearing age women through 16-45 years were included to the study between 2004 and 2010. The clinical samples of the patients were collected from 16 hospitals and...

Rubella is a contagious viral infection that affects pregnant women during early pregnancy which leads to the infection of a developing fetus, causing congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Although rare in many industrialized countries, because of the success of vaccination programs, rubella continued to occur in many developing countries with no vaccination program. Rubella immunization rates are...

The chemiluminescence of fluorescein derivatives is greatly enhanced when they are conjugated to proteins. We exploited this property in devising a chemiluminescence immunoassay for rubella antibodies. In this sequential "sandwich"-type assay, tubes coated with rubella antigen are used for antibody separation and goat antibody to human IgG conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate is used for ...

Rubella virus usually causes a mild infection in humans but can cause congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Vaccination programs have significantly decreased primary rubella virus infection and CRS; however, vaccinated individuals usually have lower levels of rubella virus IgG than those with natural infections. Rubella virus IgG is quantified with enzyme immunoassays that have been calibrated aga...

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Under the outbreak-based measles surveillance in Maharashtra State the National Institute of Virology at Pune receives 3-5 serum samples from each outbreak and samples from the local hospitals in Pune for laboratory diagnosis. This report describes one year data on the measles and rubella serology, virus isolation and genotyping. METHODS Maharashtra State Health Agenci...

background: potency test for control of rubella vaccine is a significant factor to qualify production line and vaccination pro­gram. for this reason, who recommends to use the microtitration method by both vaccine companies and control laborato­ries. then the study was done to improve this test. methods: three rubella virus samples, including an in-house standard, a lot of vaccine and an in- pr...

BACKGROUND Whereas disease surveillance for infectious diseases such as rubella is important, it is critical to identify pregnant women at risk of passing rubella to their offspring, which can be fatal and can result in congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). The traditional centralized model for diagnosing rubella is cost-prohibitive in resource-limited settings, representing a major obstacle to th...