Available online xxxx Smallholder livestock keepers represent almost 20% of the world population and steward most of the agricultural land in the tropics. Observed and expected increases in future demand for livestock products in developing countries provide unique opportunities for improving livelihoods and linked to that, improving stewardship of the environment. This cannot be a passive proc...

Footprint analysis reveals the appropriation of land resources from a consumer’s perspective. We here present a novel hybrid land-flow accounting method for the calculation of land footprints, employing a globally consistent top-down approach and combining physical with environmentaleconomic accounting. Physical accounting tracks food products from ‘field to plate’ and non-food from ‘field to i...

Livestock play a significant role in rural livelihoods and the economies of developing countries. They are providers of income and employment for producers and others working in, sometimes complex, value chains. They are a crucial asset and safety net for the poor, especially for women and pastoralist groups, and they provide an important source of nourishment for billions of rural and urban ho...

Ruminant livestock are continuously exposed to dangerous pathogens in their environment and, like other animals, rely upon a well-developed immune system to minimize likelihood of an infection. The immune system can be divided into two distinct (yet interacting) systems: 1) the innate immune system and 2) the adaptive or antibodymediated immune system. Generally, we may view the innate system a...

Livestock are an integral part of agriculture that contribute to 35 49% the agricultural GDP, 37 87% household incomes, and 15 17% foreign exchange earnings country. There about 33.02 million heads sheep 38.96 goats’ population in Ethiopia. They important components livestock subsector sources cash income, milk, meat, wool, manure, saving or risk mitigation during crop failures, property securi...

This study examines the prospects for strong growth in the supply and demand for animal products worldwide, especially in developing countries, where 80% of the world's population lives. Based on scientific publications, statistics and field observations, it reviews greenhouse gas emission levels from livestock, the ability of ruminant livestock systems to sequester carbon and the capacity of t...

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