shah ismail established a dynasty in iran on the premises of nationality and religion. to establish national unity in iran, he announced shia as the official religion. his goal was to strengthen iranian national bonds. the presence of uzbeks in the east and ottomans in the west made it necessary that iranian people reinforce their feeling of patriotism and love for they homeland. shah ismail be...

We would like to thank the Editor and two anonymous referees for their insightful comments. Stelios Michalopoulos has no relevant financial interests or funding for this project. Elias Papaioannou also has no relevant financial interests or funding for this project. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Re...

Mitigation of climate change is often described as a tragedy of the commons. According to this theoretical framework, it is collectively rational for present-generation countries to mitigate climate change, but not individually rational to do so. It is rather in national self-interest to ‘free-ride’ on the mitigation actions of other countries. In this paper, I discuss two arguments criticizing...

Structure and properties of networks, such as metabolic networks, human relations, and the Internet, have been attracting research interests in various research fields. Some common features have been found in those networks. The origins of such structure have been investigated. Dynamics in networks also have been studied so far. Preferential rewiring processes have been reported for generating ...

Here P is the plant system concerned, C is the controller and the signal r, y, a, u and n are the reference, system output, control input, output disturbance and sensor noise respectively. Classical control systems design emphasizes the securing of a number of conflicting objectives for this feedback system such as; . securing closed loop stability from each external input to the loop signals u...