abstract bee venom is a complex mixture of proteins, peptides and low molecular components: proteins (enzymes) :( phospholipase, a2phospholipase b, hyaluronidase α – glucosidase) - , peptides (melittin, apamine mcd peptide,adolapine ,procamine a and b, protease inhibitors)- low molecular components: biogenic amines:( histamine, dopamine and noradrenalin) - pheromones: complex ethers- sugars :( ...

Salivary gland proteins from female Aedes aegypti mosquito were extracted and analyzed on high-resolution mass spectrometry. Proteomic data was analysed using two search algorithms SEQUEST and Mascot, which results in acquisition of 83,836 spectra which were assigned to 5417 peptides belonging to 1208 proteins.These proteins were then assigned molecular functions and further analysis revealed b...

The cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is one of the most harmful parasites affecting bovines. Similarly to other hematophagous ectoparasites, R. microplus saliva contains a collection of bioactive compounds that inhibit host defenses against tick feeding activity. Thus, the study of tick salivary components offers opportunities for the development of immunological based tick contr...

The present study investigated posttranslational reactions in the salivary glands of patients with Sjögren's syndrome. We analysed the biopsies of primary Sjögren's patients using immunohistochemistry and a tag-purified anticyclic citrullinated protein (CCP) antibody to detect citrullinated peptides, and the presence of peptidylarginine deiminase 2 (PAD2) was assessed simultaneously. The presen...

Background and objectives: Tyrosinase is a copper containing oxidase which is crucial for controlling the production of melanin in creatures such as bacteria, fungi, plants and mammals. It is involved in the first two steps of melanin biosynthesis and leads to pigmentation and different types of cancer such as melanoma. Also, it is responsible for browning of fruits and vegetab...

Proline-rich proteins (PRPs), including collagens, complement 1q, and salivary PRPs, are unusually difficult to sequence by mass spectrometry, due to the high efficiency of cleavage at the amide bond on the N-terminal of proline residues and the consequently low relative abundance of fragment arising from cleavages at other amide bonds. To fully characterize these proteins by mass spectrometry,...

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the destruction of supporting structures teeth. Its high prevalence and negative effects on quality life make it one current problems in dentistry. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) predominant periodontal pathogen that expresses number virulence factors involved pathogenesis periodontitis. P. fimbriae are critical factor i...

Blood-feeding arthropods rely heavily on the pharmacological properties of their saliva to get a blood meal and suppress immune reactions of hosts. Little information is available on antihemostatic substances in horsefly salivary glands although their saliva has been thought to contain wide range of physiologically active molecules. In traditional Eastern medicine, horseflies are used as anti-t...

Mosquito salivary glands secrete a number of proteins that inhibit mammalian hemostasis and facilitate blood feeding. We have isolated the protein product and corresponding cDNA of a gene designated Anticoagulant-factor Xa (AFXa), that encodes the factor Xa (FXa)-directed anticoagulant of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. The protein was purified partially by cation exchange chromatogra...

b ackground: l eishmania is an intracellular parasite infecting humans and many wild and domestic animals. recent studies have suggested an important role for cytotoxic t cells against leishmania . peptide-based vaccines targeting short sequences derived from known immunogenic proteins have been shown to elicit cellular immune responses against disparate pathogens. m ethods: we predicted four h...