In both continuous casting of steel slabs and direct chill (DC) casting of aluminum alloy ingots, water is used to cool the mold in the initial stages of solidification, and then below the mold, where it is in direct contact with the newly solidified surface of the metal. Water cooling affects the product quality by (1) controlling the heat removal rate that creates and cools the solid shell an...

Orthognathic surgery is associated with side effects including severe postoperative swelling, pain, neurological dysfunction and trismus. The beneficial effects of localised cold treatment on postoperative swelling have been described. Topographical considerations make it difficult to quantify facial swelling. A new and promising method to measure facial swelling seems to be optical face scanni...

Cold-induced vasospasm which may present clinically as "white fingers", after hand injuries has been reported to be as high as 100% after replanted digital amputations. The exact cause of this is obscure and no specific treatment is available. To try to shed light on the cause of post-traumatic cold-induced vasospasm we evaluated replanted digits in seven patients who had had replantations more...

Dear Editors, It is convenient to use a commercial cooling device for treatment of acute athletic injuries. However, secondary injuries may develop with improper application (1). We present a patient with unusual frostbite due to cold pack. An 18-year-old woman had right quadriceps femoris muscle strain while practicing long jump. She directly applied and fixed a commercial cold pack manufactur...