Alteration in hepatitis B virus (HBV) secretion efficiency may have pathological consequences. Naturally occurring mutations that regulate virion secretion have not been defined. We recently identified HBV genomes displaying high (4B), substantially reduced (3.4), or negative (4C) virion secretion. In the present study, the underlying mutations were mapped. A T552C point mutation in the 4B geno...

Airway mucus hypersecretion and secretion retention can result from inflammation, irritation, stimulation, or mucus-producing tumors. Secretion clearance can be furthered hampered by ciliary dysfunction and by weakness or restrictive lung disease, leading to an ineffective cough. There are a number of different mucoactive medications that have been used to reduce hypersecretion, make secretions...

Type-III protein secretion systems are utilized by gram-negative pathogens to secrete building blocks of the bacterial flagellum, virulence effectors from the cytoplasm into host cells, and structural subunits of the needle complex. The flagellar type-III secretion apparatus utilizes both the energy of the proton motive force and ATP hydrolysis to energize substrate unfolding and translocation....

Gram-negative bacteria use the type II secretion (T2S) system to secrete exoproteins for attacking animal or plant cells or to obtain nutrients from the environment. The system is unique in helping folded proteins traverse the outer membrane. The secretion machine comprises multiple proteins spanning the cell envelope and a cytoplasmic ATPase. Activity of the ATPase, when copurified with the cy...

To produce rarely secreted recombinant proteins in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we developed a novel genome-wide optimal translational fusion partner (TFP) screening system that involves recruitment of an optimal secretion signal and fusion partner. A TFP library was constructed from a genomic and truncated cDNA library by using the invertase-based signal sequence trap technique. The eff...

Synthetic chemicals, such as fertilizers and pesticides, are abundantly used in agriculture to enhance soil fertility prevent the occurrence of diseases, respectively. Many studies have reported a negative influence these chemicals on environment. Natural sources from earthworms their products, result vermicomposting, may be considered better alternatives. The aim this review was reveal source ...

tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (trail), a member of tnf family, is an interesting ligand which selectively induces apoptosis in tumor cells and, therefore, it has been developed for cancer therapy. this ligand has been produced by various hosts such as e.coli. however, protein expression in e.coli cytoplasm leads to problems such as incorrect folding, reduction in biolo...

introduction: the protective and antisecretory effects of dopamine agonists on the stomach have been already reported, but the effect of bromocriptine (d2 dopamine agonist) on histamine stimulated gastric acid secretion (gas) needs to be investigated. methods: for gastric sampling, animals were anesthetized and a polyethylen tube was introduced into the stomach through esophagus. a cannula was ...

Plants produce nectar in their flowers as a reward for their pollinators and most of our crops depend on insect pollination, but little is known on the physiological control of nectar secretion. Jasmonates are well-known for their effects on senescence, the development and opening of flowers and on plant defences such as extrafloral nectar. Their role in floral nectar secretion has, however, no...

abstract injection of sulpiride (d2 receptor antagonist, antipsychotic drug) into vmn hypothalamus, increased gastric volume secretion and decreased gastric ph. the present study the effect of sch23390 (d1 dopamine receptor antagonist) on the gastric acid secretion and its acidity were studied. 70 rats were divided into 7 groups: two control groups, two sham groups given medicine solvents, a sc...