Political sectarianism is a concern for several countries, but it especially prevalent within the United States. Concerns grow over political polarization due to how strongly Democrats and Republicans ideologically diverge on values policy goals. Due rise of polarizing issues like COVID-19 new technologies that provide additional platforms spread information, divides in America have increased a...

The thrust of this article provides an exposition considering Islam not simply as a constricted theoretical and discursive tradition, but broad historical phenomenon that is shaped by the ummah (the global heterogeneous Muslim community) which in turn influenced manner was understood those from who have come before. Accordingly, argues for Islamic inclusivity such way it translates into freedom...

Pittsburgh, the Iron City, gives me the blues. Cleaner and quieter than when tall smokestacks filled its valleys with yellow-brown haze, the city now stands as a nostalgic reminder of salty politicians, tough tycoons, rough mill workers, and fixed capital. Such heavy industrial cities of another age inspired the bottom-up social history of my youth, with its reductive assignment of interests, o...

This article addresses the factors leading to Al Qaeda’s continued fragmentation and collapse of its efforts create a jihadi state in Levant. It does so two parts. First, we look at development far enemy strategy that deviated from past warfare strategies. Second, examine dysfunctional response Arab Spring. The protests untethering Mideast states inflammation sectarian tensions accelerated tran...