neuroleptic malignant syndrome (nms) is a rare fatal medical complication that occurs as a result of dopaminergic receptor blockage in the caudate at the termination of the nigrostriatal pathways (1), and may occur at any time following consumption of dopamine antagonists. this disorder also occurs in cases of sudden discontinuation of dopamine agonists and antagonists (2,3). some studies have ...

background: given the importance of the role of depression in predicting the outcome of cardiovascular disorders, current medications for treating depression, particularly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (ssris), are taken into  consideration. this study aimed to systematically review the published findings in the use of ssris and the risk for cardiac events. materials and methods: an i...

Depression is an illness that causes symptoms in both the body and the brain, i.e., painful physical as well as emotional and vegetative symptoms. Ascending serotonergic and noradrenergic pathways may mediate the emotional and vegetative symptoms of depression and can potentially be targets of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors to obtain relief of these symptoms. Descending seroto...

Background: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are prescribed widely for the treatment of depression, anxiety disorders and other psychiatric disorders. Although antidepressants are considered as a safety drug category but unexpected cardiovascular events have been reported as the most serious complications. The aim of this s...

We review the cardiovascular effects of newer antidepressants. Although further studies are warranted, the safety of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and the serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors on patients with comorbid cardiac conditions is impressive. Newer antidepressants should be considered as first-line agents for the treatment of depression in patients with and withou...

The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have a very favorable safety profile. However, because of the wide use of this drug group, even low-frequency adverse effects become more prevalent. This article reviews 5 of these relatively infrequent adverse medical effects associated with the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secreti...

Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com Abbreviations: ANOVA: Analysis of Variance; CBT: Cognitive Behavior Therapy; GABA: Gamma Amino Butyric Acid; GAD: Generalized Anxiety Disorder; OCD: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder; SAD: Social Anxiety Disorder; PTSD: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder; SNRI: Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors; SPSS: Statistical Package for Social Sciences; SSRI...

BACKGROUND The anxiety-reducing effect of long-term administration of serotonin reuptake inhibitors is usually seen only in subjects with anxiety disorders, and such patients are also abnormally inclined to experience a paradoxical anxiety-enhancing effect of acute serotonin reuptake inhibition. These unique responses to serotonin reuptake inhibitors in anxiety-prone subjects suggest, as do gen...

Multimodal analgesia is designed to optimize pain relief by coadministering drugs with distinct mechanisms of action or by combining multiple pharmacologies within a single molecule. In clinical settings, combinations of monoamine reuptake inhibitors and opioid receptor agonists have been explored and one currently available analgesic, tapentadol, functions as both a µ-opioid receptor agonist a...

Antidepressants that block the reuptake of serotonin (5-HT) and noradrenaline (NA) are called 5-HT and NA reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). SNRIs are agents that show “dual action” on 5-HT and NA. These drugs bind the 5-HT transporters (SERT) and NA transporters (NAT) similar to tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). However, SNRIs differ from TCAs in that SNRIs do not exert much affinity for other recep...