In this issue of Neuron, Bergquist and colleagues study a rapid form of presynaptic homeostatic regulation at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction. They show that the K(+) channel genes shal and shaker are reciprocally regulated in the central nervous system and suggest a hierarchical organization of intrinsic and synaptic homeostatic regulatory processes.

Shal l2 is a knowledge-based machine translation system with a symmetric architecture. The grammar rules, mapping rules between syntactic and conceptual (semantic) representations, and transfer rules for conceptual paraphrasing are all bi-directional knowledge sources used by both a parser and a generator.

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Parsian Institute of Higher Education, Qazvin, Iran E-mail: [email protected] Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Computer and IT, Islamic Azad University, Parand Branch, Parand, Tehran, Iran E-mail: [email protected] Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Karaj...

The fecundity in sheep has been much interested for producers due to its economical importance. Growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) is an autosomal gene with over dominance effect for twosingle nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs), which resulted in sterility in homozygote mutant ewes and additive effect for three SNPs, without showing sterility event. In the present study, DNA was extracted from ...

The delayed rectifier K+ current in Drosophila is similar to the classical delayed rectifier, originally described by Hodgkin and Huxley. Drosophila provides unique tools of mutant analysis to unambiguously determine the genetic identity of this native K+ current. We identified the Shab gene as the exclusive gene underlying delayed rectifier currents in both muscle and neurons. In muscles, a ge...

Voltage-gated potassium channels are formed by the tetramerization of their alpha subunits, in a process that is controlled by their conserved N-terminal T1 domains. The crystal structures of Shaker and Shaw T1 domains reveal interesting differences in structures that are contained within a highly conserved BTB/POZ domain fold. The most surprising difference is that the Shaw T1 domain contains ...

This paper presents the complete net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) for three grasslands on organic soils in Ireland. The NECB included all the measured, estimated and modelled parameters usually determined in these types of studies, and also included the fluvial (waterborne) component of C loss, which is still a novel addition to NECB studies. The sites were selected to compare drainage (deep...