Background: Chemical warfare agents (CWA) were most notably used during the First World War in Europe, against Iranians and Kurdish citizens of Iraq at the hands of Saddam Hossein’s regime in 1980s and more recently in Syria. The use of CWA is banned under the international law. Methods: Ancient uses of CWA are not well studied. Recently, their use during the Persian siege of the Roman-held Dur...

background providing the mental health of medical students has an important role in mental health of society. the aim of this research was investigating the relationship between the mental health and hardiness in medical students and comparing these variables in first and last semester medical students. material and methods the present research was correlation and matching method on first and l...

ferdowsi has composed a few lines concerning himself at the end of the story of shapur-e zulaktaf beginning with: چو آدینه هرمزد بهمن بود بر این کار فرّخ نشیمن بود scholars have proposed different hypotheses about these lines. some believe that these lines reflect ferdowsi’s desire to see the prophet mohammad after his death, as the pleasure of completing this part of shāh-nāmeh, and the celebra...

the basic issue in this article is to analyze the relationships of characters in nezami’s khosrow & shirin by using of greimas’s actors pattern. in nezami’s narrative we found the six actors that greimas mentioned; including: transmitter, recipient, subject, object, helper, and deterrent. according to the results of this article the transmitter is part of khosrow’s character – his unconsciousne...

AbstractThis paper discusses two denominations of gold coins struck by the Sasanian kingof kings, Khusro II (590–628). They both have same design. On obverse is theprofile head king facing right, similar to that found on silver but without themarginal stars and crescents. The legend left as drachmsbut there a longer right so whole reads: 'Khusro kingshas increased royal glory‘. reverse bust wit...

during last few years, three seasons of excavations at the ultan qalasi, one season of stratigraphy in nadir tepesi and a short season of survey in mughan steppe enriched our knowledge about the ancient landscape of the area. the mughan steppe is a geographically diverse region in the northwestern corner of the islamic republic of iran, defined at the north by the aras (araxes) river and includ...