This paper develops a methodology for benchmarking knowledge-based systems that practitioners may use to perform a comparative analysis of expert system shells. A program utilizing a deliberate instructional mix was found to be the most suitable and accurate way to measure the value of shells. The benchmark is intended for rule-based shells, such as CLIPS, VP-Expert and Ibis. The methodology fo...

The suspension-feeding slippersnail Crepidula convexa is commonly associated with hermit crabs (Pagurus longicarpus) living in periwinkle shells (Littorina littorea) at our study site in Nahant, MA, USA. In 15 field surveys conducted at Nahant in 2000, 2001 and 2003, we found that (1) more than 61.8% of individuals of C. convexa resided on shells occupied by hermit crabs, as opposed to the shel...

in this paper the meshless local petrov-galerkin (mlpg) method is implemented to study the buckling of isotropic cylindrical shells under axial load. displacement field equations, based on donnell and first order shear deformation theory, are taken into consideration. the set of governing equations of motion are numerically solved by the mlpg method in which according to a semi-inverse method, ...

Conventional sensors, such as proximeters and accelerometers, are add-on devices usually adding additional weights to structures and machines. Health monitoring of flexible structures by electroactive smart materials has been investigated over the years. Thin-film piezoelectric material, e.g. polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymeric material, is a lightweight and dynamic sensitive material appe...

X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), were applied to analyze the organic matrix of two Molluscan shells. The Mollusca shells are mineral structure and calcium carbonate crystallized as aragonite. The FT-IR spectra showed Alkyl Halide, Alkanes, Alcohols, Amides, Aromatic, and Hydroxyl ...

In this paper, the plastic limit load of cylindrical shells with opening subject to combined bending moment and axial force are found by finite element method using ANSYS suite of program. The effect of various parameters such as the geometrical ratios of shell and the shape, size, axial and angular position of the opening on the limit load of cylindrical shells under various loading conditions...

In this paper, semi-analytical method for asymmetrical eccentrically stiffened FGM cylindrical shells under external pressure and surrounded by a linear and non-linear elastic foundation is presented. The proposed linear model is based on two parameter elastic foundation Winkler and Pasternak. According to the von Karman nonlinear equations and the classical plate theory of shells, strain-displ...

In this paper, the buckling of non-homogeneous isotropic truncated conical shells under uniform lateral pressure and resting on a Winkler foundation is investigated. The basic relations and governing equations have been obtained for non-homogeneous truncated conical shells. The critical uniform lateral pressures of non-homogeneous isotropic truncated conical shells with or without a Winkler fou...

Thick shells have attracted much attention in recent years as intelligent and functional graded materials because of their unique properties. In this review paper, some critical issues and problems in the development of thick shells made from Functionally graded piezoelectric material (FGPM) are discussed. This review has been conducted on various types of methods which are available for thick ...

The gauge usually adopted for extracting the reduced Hamiltonian of a thin spherical shell of matter in general relativity, becomes singular when dealing with two or more intersecting shells. We introduce here a more general class of gauges which is apt for dealing with intersecting shells. As an application we give the hamiltonian treatment of two intersecting shells, both massive and massless...